Dictionary

rough en · ADJ

Pronunciation

/ɹʊf/ (Northern-England)
(Southern-England) audio
(US) audio
(US) audio
/ɹʌf/ (General-American, Received-Pronunciation)
/ɾʌf/ (Scotland, Wales)
(Australia) audio
/ɹɐf/ (Australia, New-Zealand)

Etymology

From Middle English rough, roughe, roȝe, row, rou, ru, ruȝ, ruh, from Old English rūg, rūh, from Proto-Germanic *rūhaz. Cognate with Scots ruch, rouch (“rough”), Saterland Frisian ruuch, rouch (“rough”), West Frisian rûch (“rough”), Low German ruuch (“rough”), Dutch ruig (“rough”), German rau(h) (“rough”), Danish ru (“uneven on the surface, "rough", "rugged"”).

Meanings

Not smooth; uneven.
- rough surface
- rough hands
- The rock was one of those tremendously solid brown, or rather black, rocks which emerge from the sand like something primitive. Rough with crinkled limpet shells and sparsely strewn with locks of dry seaweed, a small boy has to stretch his legs far apart, and indeed to feel rather heroic, before he gets to the top. 1922 October 26, Virginia Woolf, chapter 1, in Jacob’s Room, Richmond, London: […] Leonard & Virginia Woolf at the Hogarth Press, →OCLC; republished London: The Hogarth Press, 1960, →OCLC:
- rough stone
Approximate; hasty or careless; not finished.
- a rough estimate
- a rough plan
- a rough sketch of a building
- a rough guess
- a rough copy
Turbulent.
- rough weather
- With my mother's permission and blessings, I set off exultantly for Bombay, leaving my wife with a baby of a few months. But on arrival there, friends told my brother that the Indian Ocean was rough in June and July, and as this was my first voyage, I should not be allowed to sail until November. 1927, M[ohandas] K[aramchand] Gandhi, chapter XII, in Mahadev Desai, transl., The Story of My Experiments with Truth: Translated from the Original in Gujarati, volume I, Ahmedabad, Gujarat: Navajivan Press, →OCLC:
- rough sea
- rough water
Difficult; trying.
- Being a teenager nowadays can be rough.
Crude; unrefined.
- His manners are a bit rough, but he means well.
Worn; shabby; weather-beaten.
- "You find us a bit rough," apologized the young man, with something of contempt towards his surroundings. "We weren't expecting visitors." 1914, Ernest Bramah, Max Carrados:
(of a place) Having socio-economic problems, hence possibly dangerous.
- the rough bit of town
Violent; not careful or subtle.
- This box has been through some rough handling.
- rough words
Loud and hoarse; offensive to the ear; harsh; grating.
- a rough voice
- But most by Numbers judge a Poet's song, / And smooth or rough, with them 1711 May, [Alexander Pope], An Essay on Criticism, London: […] W[illiam] Lewis […]; and sold by W[illiam] Taylor […], T[homas] Osborn[e] […], and J[ohn] Graves […], →OCLC:
- a rough tone
(of a gem) Not polished; uncut.
- a rough diamond
Harsh-tasting.
- rough wine
- the wine, rough as it is, more wholesome than the half-melted ices, flavored with unholy essences. 1880, The Eclectic Magazine of Foreign Literature, Science, and Art, volume 40, page 833:
(Ireland, UK, colloquial, slang) Somewhat ill; sick; in poor condition.
(Ireland, UK, colloquial, slang) Unwell due to alcohol; hungover.
Of or relating to the rough breathing in the Greek language.

Forms

Spelling	Features	Labels	Source
roughest	Degree=Sup		lexicographic
rougher	Degree=Cmp		lexicographic
ruff		alternative, pronunciation-spelling	lexicographic

Translations (234)

fr grossier (approximate) · izh karskia (not smooth) · it rude (crude, unrefined) · lv negluds (not smooth) · fr turbulent (turbulent) · lt šiurkštus (not smooth) · pt aproximado (approximate) · io aspera (not smooth) · ru гру́бый (crude, unrefined) · kmr zivir (not smooth) · sh grub (not smooth) · be грубы́ (not smooth) · bg развълнуван (turbulent) · sl grob (not smooth) · gl esmo (approximate) · gl caxoto (crude, unrefined) · ro brutal (violent) · mi tuarangaranga (turbulent) · gl burdallo (crude, unrefined) · pt grosseiro (crude, unrefined) · mr खरबरीत (not smooth) · it mosso (turbulent) · bg грапав (not smooth) · gl aproximado (approximate) · cmn 粗略 (approximate) · fr brut (crude, unrefined) · izh karhia (not smooth) · nl ruw (not smooth) · de grob (approximate) · gd garbh (not smooth) · bg приблизителен (approximate) · gl zamarrón (crude, unrefined) · te సుమారు (approximate) · ko 거칠다 (not smooth) · it difficile (difficult) · cmn 粗暴 (violent) · nl ruig (not smooth) · hu durva (crude, unrefined) · ca rude (crude, unrefined) · hu érdes (not smooth) · gl barullento (turbulent) · pl chropowaty (not smooth) · hu durva (not smooth) · fr difficile (difficult) · ca difícil (difficult) · nrf rude (not smooth) · la impolītus (crude, unrefined) · ca aproximat (approximate) · sv ojämn (not smooth) · sk hrubý (not smooth) · my ကြမ်း (not smooth) · mi tuarangaranga (not smooth) · fi karkea (approximate) · ga eascaoin (violent) · hu kemény (difficult) · fa زمخت (not smooth) · sh груб (not smooth) · pt turbulento (turbulent) · mi tuarangaranga (not smooth) · fr rude (not smooth) · fr dur (difficult) · hu nyers (approximate) · gl torboento (turbulent) · fr rude (difficult) · lv rupjš (not smooth) · hu műveletlen (crude, unrefined) · fr grossier (crude, unrefined) · fa خشن (not smooth) · la difficilis (difficult) · te కష్టమైన (difficult) · nv dichʼíízh (not smooth) · mi kaitara (not smooth) · hu faragatlan (crude, unrefined) · hu hozzávetőleges (approximate) · ro dur (not smooth) · cmn 粗魯 /粗鲁 (crude, unrefined) · wa rexhe (not smooth) · ar خَشِن (not smooth) · fi aallokkoinen (turbulent) · gl áspero (not smooth) · la turbulentus (turbulent) · mi whenewhene (turbulent) · ru черново́й (approximate) · mi kōkau (crude, unrefined) · ga amhchaoin (crude, unrefined) · as খহটা (not smooth) · gl tarosco (crude, unrefined) · tr kaba (not smooth) · rup ascuru (not smooth) · fr rustre (crude, unrefined) · pdt ruch (not smooth) · ga garbh (not smooth) · grc ἀπηνής (violent) · gl carizolo (difficult) · fr dur (violent) · ro brut (crude, unrefined) · hu nyers (crude, unrefined) · pl zgrubny (not smooth) · it approssimato (approximate) · ka დაახლოებითი (approximate) · lv ass (not smooth) · fr brouillon (approximate) · gl caroso (difficult) · hu nehéz (difficult) · te గరుకు (not smooth) · fr rude (violent) · grc τραχύς (not smooth) · fi alustava (approximate) · eo malglata (not smooth) · mi torehapehape (not smooth) · fi karkea (violent) · fi kova (violent) · mi whakanokenoke (not smooth) · hu egyenetlen (not smooth) · mi mātoretore (not smooth) · cs nepříjemný (difficult) · bg труден (difficult) · cmn 粗糙 (not smooth) · sco roch (not smooth) · gl rude (crude, unrefined) · lv raupjš (not smooth) · cs neomalený (crude, unrefined) · su keusrak (not smooth) · be гру́бы (not smooth) · id kasar (not smooth) · fr approximatif (approximate) · cs surový (crude, unrefined) · bg бурен (turbulent) · fy rûch (not smooth) · ru тяжёлый (difficult) · fi väkivaltainen (violent) · fi kova (difficult) · fr impoli (crude, unrefined) · bg необработен (crude, unrefined) · mi pohepohe (turbulent) · fi kuoppainen (turbulent) · ru суро́вый (difficult) · fr brut (not smooth) · oc aspre (not smooth) · hi अनगढ़ (crude, unrefined) · pt duro (difficult) · it rugoso (not smooth) · pdt schroff (not smooth) · ru приме́рный (approximate) · gl brután (crude, unrefined) · chr ᎤᏐᏅ (not smooth) · ast aspru (not smooth) · gl esgrevio (not smooth) · fi rosoinen (not smooth) · uk гру́бий (not smooth) · de rau (not smooth) · tr pürtüklü (not smooth) · qu taku (not smooth) · lv raupjš (crude, unrefined) · ca tosc (crude, unrefined) · id kasar (crude, unrefined) · ca aspre (not smooth) · la rudis (crude, unrefined) · mi ngarungaru (turbulent) · bg суров (crude, unrefined) · ru бу́рный (turbulent) · wa graevleus (not smooth) · ca complicat (violent) · ru приблизи́тельный (approximate) · gl arrevesado (difficult) · fr brutal (violent) · et kare (not smooth) · qu qhachqa (not smooth) · hu zord (turbulent) · uk шорстки́й (not smooth) · ja 粗い (not smooth) · cmn 粗野 (crude, unrefined) · pt difícil (difficult) · nb urolig (turbulent) · gl desdoado (difficult) · ro aspru (not smooth) · fi karkea (crude, unrefined) · la asper (not smooth) · lv rupjš (violent) · gl acaroado (approximate) · fi karhea (not smooth) · ca turbulent (turbulent) · ja 粗野 (crude, unrefined) · zza xısn (not smooth) · lv rupjš (crude, unrefined) · pt tosco (crude, unrefined) · gl xoto (crude, unrefined) · ga garbh (turbulent) · es cerdoso (not smooth) · es ríspido (violent) · ka მიახლოებითი (approximate) · gl taleigán (crude, unrefined) · de roh (crude, unrefined) · ru шерохова́тый (not smooth) · cs hrubý (approximate) · bg неприятен (difficult) · pl szorstki (not smooth) · bg груб (violent) · pt áspero (not smooth) · ru тру́дный (difficult) · gl enfesto (difficult) · de grob (not smooth) · lv raupjš (violent) · cs hrubý (not smooth) · mi tuke (turbulent) · txb aśāwe (not smooth) · bcl maragkot (not smooth) · es áspero (not smooth) · et ligilähedane (approximate) · mk груб (not smooth) · es áspero (violent) · hu kemény (turbulent) · gl aproximada (approximate) · ckb زوور (not smooth) · fr rugueux (not smooth) · es tosco (crude, unrefined) · ru жёсткий (not smooth) · bg неравен (not smooth) · fi kovakourainen (violent) · mi pūhungahunga (crude, unrefined) · gl galludo (difficult) · ca quasi (approximate) · cs bouřlivý (turbulent) · ca dur (violent) · fr agité (turbulent) · ja 凸凹な (not smooth) · gl áspero (crude, unrefined) · fa زبر (not smooth) · it ruvido (not smooth) · txb śāwe (not smooth) · mi mātoetoe (not smooth) · it scabro (not smooth) · ru гру́бый (not smooth) · mi kōrawarawa (turbulent)

rough en · ADV

Pronunciation

/ɹʊf/ (Northern-England)
(Southern-England) audio
(US) audio
(US) audio
/ɹʌf/ (General-American, Received-Pronunciation)
/ɾʌf/ (Scotland, Wales)
(Australia) audio
/ɹɐf/ (Australia, New-Zealand)

Etymology

From Middle English rough, roughe, roȝe, row, rou, ru, ruȝ, ruh, from Old English rūg, rūh, from Proto-Germanic *rūhaz. Cognate with Scots ruch, rouch (“rough”), Saterland Frisian ruuch, rouch (“rough”), West Frisian rûch (“rough”), Low German ruuch (“rough”), Dutch ruig (“rough”), German rau(h) (“rough”), Danish ru (“uneven on the surface, "rough", "rugged"”).

Meanings

In a rough manner; rudely; roughly.
- I will warrant they prove such roaring boys as I knew when I served under Lumford and Goring, [...] —sleeping rough on the trenches, and dying stubbornly in their boats. Ah! those merry days are gone. 1826, [Walter Scott], chapter IV, in Woodstock; Or, The Cavalier. […], volume II, Edinburgh: […] [James Ballantyne and Co.] for Archibald Constable and Co.; London: Longman, Rees, Orme, Brown, and Green, →OCLC, page 93:

Forms

Spelling	Features	Labels	Source
most rough	Degree=Sup		lexicographic
more rough	Degree=Cmp		lexicographic
ruff		alternative, pronunciation-spelling	lexicographic

Deriveds

sleep rough

rough en · NOUN

Pronunciation

/ɹʊf/ (Northern-England)
(Southern-England) audio
(US) audio
(US) audio
/ɹʌf/ (General-American, Received-Pronunciation)
/ɾʌf/ (Scotland, Wales)
(Australia) audio
/ɹɐf/ (Australia, New-Zealand)

Etymology

From Middle English rough, roughe, roȝe, row, rou, ru, ruȝ, ruh, from Old English rūg, rūh, from Proto-Germanic *rūhaz. Cognate with Scots ruch, rouch (“rough”), Saterland Frisian ruuch, rouch (“rough”), West Frisian rûch (“rough”), Low German ruuch (“rough”), Dutch ruig (“rough”), German rau(h) (“rough”), Danish ru (“uneven on the surface, "rough", "rugged"”).

Meanings

The unmowed part of a golf course.
A rude fellow; a coarse bully; a rowdy.
- In Wellington Street my brother met a couple of sturdy roughs, who had just rushed out of Fleet Street with still wet newspapers and staring placards. "Dreadful catastrophe!" they bawled one to the other down Wellington Street. "Fighting at Weybridge!" 1898, H.G. Wells, The War of the Worlds, London: William Heinemann, page 124:
A scuffed and roughened area of the pitch, where the bowler's feet fall, used as a target by spin bowlers because of its unpredictable bounce.
The raw material from which faceted or cabochon gems are created.
A quick sketch, similar to a thumbnail but larger and more detailed, used for artistic brainstorming.
(obsolete) Boisterous weather.
- In calms you fish; in roughs use songs and dances. 1633, Phineas Fletcher, Eclog 1. Amyntas:
A piece inserted in a horseshoe to keep the animal from slipping.

Forms

Spelling	Features	Labels	Source
ruff		alternative, pronunciation-spelling	lexicographic
roughs	Number=Plur		lexicographic

Deriveds

bit of rough · putt from the rough · rough-and-tumble · diamond in the rough

Translations (5)

fi karheikko (unmowed part of golf-course) · fi raffi (unmowed part of golf-course) · cs raf (vyšší tráva kolem fairwaye) (unmowed part of golf-course) · de Rough (unmowed part of golf-course) · sv ruff (unmowed part of golf-course)

rough en · VERB

Pronunciation

/ɹʊf/ (Northern-England)
(Southern-England) audio
(US) audio
(US) audio
/ɹʌf/ (General-American, Received-Pronunciation)
/ɾʌf/ (Scotland, Wales)
(Australia) audio
/ɹɐf/ (Australia, New-Zealand)

Etymology

From Middle English rough, roughe, roȝe, row, rou, ru, ruȝ, ruh, from Old English rūg, rūh, from Proto-Germanic *rūhaz. Cognate with Scots ruch, rouch (“rough”), Saterland Frisian ruuch, rouch (“rough”), West Frisian rûch (“rough”), Low German ruuch (“rough”), Dutch ruig (“rough”), German rau(h) (“rough”), Danish ru (“uneven on the surface, "rough", "rugged"”).

Meanings

To create in an approximate form.
- On the floor, one beside the other, stood two amphoræ of veined marble-like limestone; one a huge vase 2 feet high and more than 6 feet round, finished and perfect, with two splendid spiral bands; and the other a smaller vase, of the same type, but only just roughed out of the block. 1907, Ronald M. Burrows, The Discoveries In Crete, page 90:
- Rough in the shape first, then polish the details.
(intransitive) To break the rules by being excessively violent.
- […] roughing is not a part of the sport, and will not be tolerated. Referees will not permit unfair practices that may cause injury to a contestant, and are held strictly responsible for enforcing these rules. 1938, California. State Athletic Commission, Rules, Regulations and Law Regulating Boxing and Wrestling (page 42)
To commit the offense of roughing, i.e. to punch another player.
To render rough; to roughen.
To break in (a horse, etc.), especially for military purposes.
- To Rough Horses, a word in familiar use among the dragoons to signify the act of breaking in horses, so as to adapt them to military purposes. 1802, Charles James, A New and Enlarged Military Dictionary:
To endure primitive conditions.
- I was able to help Trudy set up camp and everything else, of course there are different ways to camp the usual comfortable way or roughed we of course roughed it and I did my best to keep warm. 2013, Anne-Marie K. Kittiphanh, If Life Gave Me LEMONS, I Would Turn It into HONEY, →ISBN:
- “[…]Oh, but my husband is never so happy as when he is travelling. He likes roughing it. . . . My husband. . . . My husband. . . .” 1920, Katherine Mansfield [pseudonym; Kathleen Mansfield Murry], “The Escape”, in Bliss and Other Stories, London: Constable & Company, published 1920, →OCLC, page 280:
- to rough it
(transitive) To roughen a horse's shoes to keep the animal from slipping.

Forms

Spelling	Features	Labels	Source
ruff		alternative, pronunciation-spelling	lexicographic
roughs	Number=Sing, Person=3, Tense=Pres		lexicographic
roughed	Tense=Past, VerbForm=Part		lexicographic
roughed	Tense=Past		lexicographic
roughing	Tense=Pres, VerbForm=Part		lexicographic

Deriveds

rough up · rough it · rough in · rough out

Translations (7)

fi kouluttaa (to break in) · bg скицирам (to create in approximate form) · fr ébaucher (to create in approximate form) · fi luonnostella (to create in approximate form) · fr faire un brouillon (to create in approximate form) · fi olla väkivaltainen (ice hockey: to perform roughing) · fi hahmotella (to create in approximate form)

rough en · ADJ

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Translations (234)

rough en · ADV

Pronunciation

Etymology

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rough en · NOUN

Pronunciation

Etymology

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Translations (5)

rough en · VERB

Pronunciation

Etymology

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Translations (7)