harden en · VERB · etymology 1
Pronunciation
- /ˈhɑɹdn̩/ (General-American)
- /ˈhɑːdn̩/ (Received-Pronunciation)
- (Southern-England) audio
Etymology
Etymology tree Proto-Indo-European *kret-der.? Proto-Germanic *harduz Proto-Indo-European *-yeti Proto-Indo-European *-éyeti Proto-Germanic *-janą Proto-Germanic *hardijaną Proto-West Germanic *hardijan Old English hierdan ▲ Proto-Germanic *harduz Proto-Indo-European *-yos Proto-Indo-European *-yós Proto-Germanic *-jaz Proto-West Germanic *-ī Proto-West Germanic *hard(ī) Proto-Germanic *-āną Proto-West Germanic *-ēn Proto-West Germanic *hardēn Old English heardian Middle English harden Proto-Indo-European *-o- Proto-Indo-European *-nom Proto-Indo-European *-onom Proto-Germanic *-aną ▲ Proto-Germanic *-janą Old English -an Middle English -en Middle English hardenen English harden From Middle English hardenen, equivalent to hard + -en. Cognate with Danish hærdne (“to harden; cure”), Swedish hårdna (“to harden”), Norwegian herdne (“to harden”), Icelandic harðna (“to harden”).
Meanings
-
(intransitive) To become hard.
The Chief Medical Officer of London Transport believes that public opinion against smoking will harden to the point of a total bar on the Underground, as in other countries.
1959 May 14, “Accommodation for Non-Smokers”, in Railway Magazine, pages 295-296:
- (ergative, transitive) To make something hard or harder.
-
(figuratively, transitive) To strengthen.
Ramos had locked Salah’s right arm and turned him, judo-style, as they lost balance going for the same ball. Television replays hardened the suspicion it was a calculated move on Ramos’s part and, when Salah landed with a hell of a thud, the damage was considerable.
2018 May 26, Daniel Taylor, “Liverpool go through after Mohamed Salah stops Manchester City fightback”, in The Guardian (London):In view of the system's relatively low cost, the preferred alternative could be for the military user to avail himself of multiple base stations rather than seeking to harden the base station hardware for defense applications.
2002, Jane's International Defense Review, volume 35:
- (transitive) To modify (a website or other system) to make it resistant to malicious attacks.
-
(ambitransitive) To become or make (a person or thing) resistant or less sensitive.
When thou goest to return into Egypt, see that thou do all those wonders before Pharaoh, which I have put in thine hand: but I will harden his heart, that he shall not let the people go.
KJV, Exodus 4:21(obs.)
-
(informal, intransitive) To get an erection.
He hardened as he imagined himself running his hands over her small breasts
1999 August 2, Karen Mitchell, “Files from the Feminet BBS NOVAD5.TXT 38.38 KB”, in alt.sex.stories.tg (Usenet):
- (ambitransitive) To become or make (a consonant) more fortis; to (cause to) undergo fortition.
-
(qualifier:Slavic phonology) To unpalatalize or velarize.
Belarussian preserved soft labials before vowels, hardened rʹ to r, and affricated tʹ and dʹ[…]
2013 February 1, Philipp Strazny, Encyclopedia of Linguistics, Routledge, →ISBN, page 914:Of course one needs to keep in mind the fact that *tʹ and *dʹ are hardened before *e and *i in Ukrainian and Rusyn[…]
2007, Stefan Pugh, A New Historical Grammar of the East Slavic Languages:
Forms
| Spelling | Features | Labels | Source |
|---|---|---|---|
| hardening | Tense=Pres, VerbForm=Part | lexicographic | |
| hardened | Tense=Past, VerbForm=Part | lexicographic | |
| hardened | Tense=Past | lexicographic | |
| hardens | Number=Sing, Person=3, Tense=Pres | lexicographic |
Antonyms
Deriveds
work-harden · overharden · enharden · harden off · reharden · harden someone's heart · hardening · hardener · photoharden · caseharden · hardened · case harden · hardenite · preharden · superharden · unharden · harden up · deharden · hammer-harden · hardenable · harden one's neck · forharden · hardenability
Hyponyms
freeze · petrify · ruggedize · vitrify · ossify
Relateds
strengthen · hardness · hard
Synonyms
harden · solidify · sclerotise · indurate · obdurate · inure · anneal · steel · stiffen · temper · roborate
Translations (114)
th แข็งตัว (to become hard) · fi lujittua (to become hard) · oc durcir (to make hard(er)) · nl hard worden (to become hard) · gl endurecer (to make hard(er)) · hu megkeményít (to make hard(er)) · io hardeskar (to become hard) · mr कडक होणे (to become hard) · es indurar (to make hard(er)) · ru тверде́ть (to become hard) · fi kovettua (to become hard) · hu keményít (to make hard(er)) · es endurecer (to become hard) · nl verharden (to become or make less sensitive) · ka განმტკიცება (to become hard) · bg втвърдявам се (to become hard) · fi lujittaa (to make hard(er)) · ru затверде́ть (to become hard) · el σκληρύνω (to become or make less sensitive) · la firmo (to become or make less sensitive) · la firmō (to make hard(er)) · cs zatvrdit se (to become or make less sensitive) · cmn 硬化 (to become hard) · eo malmoligi (to make hard(er)) · cs tvrdnout (to become hard) · fi vahvistaa suojausta (computing: to modify to make resistant to malicious attacks) · ga sioc (to make hard(er)) · nl verharden (to make hard(er)) · la dūrescō (to become hard) · ga stalc (to become hard) · la dūrō (to make hard(er)) · nl verstijven (to become hard) · pl utwardzać (to make hard(er)) · it indurirsi (to make hard(er)) · ka გამაგრება (to become hard) · nb herde (to make hard(er)) · ga sioc (to become hard) · fi kovettaa (to make hard(er)) · ro întări (to make hard(er)) · qu sinchiyay (to become hard) · mi whakapakeke (to become or make less sensitive) · ca endurir-se (to become hard) · cs tvrdit (to make hard(er)) · hu keményedik (to become hard) · uk тверді́ти (to become hard) · es endurecer (to make hard(er)) · pl stwardnieć (to become hard) · pl zahartować (to become or make less sensitive) · ca endurir (to make hard(er)) · pl hartować (to become or make less sensitive) · fr endurcir (to make hard(er)) · fi turtua (to become or make less sensitive) · fi kovettaa (to become or make less sensitive) · cs vytvrdit (to make hard(er)) · qu chuchuyay (to become hard) · cs ztuhnout (to become hard) · qu rumiyay (to become hard) · fi turruttaa (to become or make less sensitive) · pt endurecer (to become hard) · ru ожесточиться (to become or make less sensitive) · tpi strongim (to make hard(er)) · mi whakauka (to make hard(er)) · nl harden (to make hard(er)) · oc endurcir (to make hard(er)) · ka გამყარება (to become hard) · sh отврднути (to become hard) · es indurarse (to become hard) · de härten (to become hard) · tr sertleştirmek (to make hard(er)) · wa aduri (to become hard) · uk затве́рднути (to become hard) · sh стврднути (to become hard) · hu megkeményedik (to become hard) · fi vahvistaa (figurative: to strengthen) · tpi strongim (to become or make less sensitive) · sh stvrdnuti (to become hard) · cmn 硬化 (to make hard(er)) · bg закалявам (to make hard(er)) · fr durcir (to become hard) · pl twardnieć (to become hard) · oc s'endurcir (to become or make less sensitive) · tpi strongim (figurative: to strengthen) · tr sertleşmek (to become hard) · el σκληρύνω (to make hard(er)) · la rigēscō (to become hard) · nb herde (to become hard) · mi totoka (to become hard) · ru ожесточить (to become or make less sensitive) · nl verstevigen (figurative: to strengthen) · mi whakapūioio (to make hard(er)) · oc s'endurcir (to become hard) · eo malmoliĝi (to become hard) · ga cruaigh (to become hard) · de härten (to make hard(er)) · it indurirsi (to become hard) · oc durcir (to become hard) · sh otvrdnuti (to become hard) · ga cruaigh (to make hard(er)) · la obdūrefaciō (to make hard(er)) · pt endurecer (to make hard(er)) · pl utwardzić (to make hard(er)) · bg втвърдявам (to make hard(er)) · gl endurecer (to become hard) · nl verharden (to become hard) · ga stalc (to make hard(er)) · lb häerden (to become hard) · got 𐌲𐌰𐌷𐌰𐍂𐌳𐌾𐌰𐌽 (to make hard(er)) · uk затверді́ти (to become hard) · el σκληρύνω (to become hard) · ro întări (to become hard) · uk тве́рднути (to become hard) · ga cruaigh (to become or make less sensitive) · got 𐌲𐌰𐌳𐌰𐌿𐌱𐌾𐌰𐌽 (to become or make less sensitive) · mi ūtonga (to make hard(er))