Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *úp
Proto-Indo-European *-er
Proto-Indo-European *upér
Proto-Germanic *uber
Proto-West Germanic *obar
Old English ofer
Middle English over
English over
From Middle English over, from Old English ofer, ofor, ouer, from Proto-West Germanic *obar, from Proto-Germanic *uber (“over”), from Proto-Indo-European *upér (“above; over”).
Cognates
Cognate with Scots ower (“over”), Yola oer, ower, owr (“over”), Saterland Frisian uur (“over”), West Frisian oer (“over, across”), Cimbrian übar (“over”), Dutch over (“over”), German ober, über, ueber (“over, above”), Limburgish euver, övver (“over”), Low German över, üöver (“over”), Luxembourgish iwwer (“over”), Mòcheno iber (“over”), Yiddish איבער (iber, “over”), Danish and Norwegian Bokmål over (“over”), Elfdalian yvyr (“over”), Faroese yvir (“over”), Icelandic yfir (“over”), Norwegian Nynorsk over, yver, yvi (“over”), Swedish över (“over”), Gothic 𐌿𐍆𐌰𐍂 (ufar, “over”); also Breton and Cornish war (“on, over”), Irish ar (“on”), Manx er (“on”), Scottish Gaelic air (“on, upon”), Latin super (“above, over”), Ancient Greek ῠ̔πείρ (hŭpeír), ὑπέρ (hupér), ῠ̔́περ (hŭ́per, “above, over”), Albanian epër (“above, high, overhead, up, upward”), Armenian վեր (ver, “up”), Avestan 𐬎𐬞𐬀𐬌𐬭𐬌 (upaⁱri, “above, over”), Persian بر (bar, “on; onto; upon”), Sanskrit उपरि (upari, “above, over”).
Doublet of uber, super, and hyper.
Meanings
(not-comparable) Finished; ended; concluded.
The strawberries are over now. I picked the last few yesterday.
The show isn't over until the fat lady sings.
(not-comparable) Finished; ended; concluded. ▸ Of a flower: wilting or withering.
(informal, not-comparable, of an ongoing situation) Hopeless; irrecoverable.
We're keeping our marriage going for the sake of the kids, but really it's over.
(informal, not-comparable) Visiting one's home or other location.
My sister's over for the week.
(not-comparable) Having surmounted an obstacle.
The horse struggled at that fence, but it's over.
(informal, not-comparable) Having an excess in a particular respect.
This steak is well over. (overcooked)
We had some complaints about short weight, so now we make sure that all our bags of potatoes are a bit over. (overweight)
(not-comparable) Surplus to requirements.
I made 20 cakes, but I only need 18, so there are two over.
(not-comparable, slang) Of a wrestler: generating a reaction from fans.
Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *úp
Proto-Indo-European *-er
Proto-Indo-European *upér
Proto-Germanic *uber
Proto-West Germanic *obar
Old English ofer
Middle English over
English over
From Middle English over, from Old English ofer, ofor, ouer, from Proto-West Germanic *obar, from Proto-Germanic *uber (“over”), from Proto-Indo-European *upér (“above; over”).
Cognates
Cognate with Scots ower (“over”), Yola oer, ower, owr (“over”), Saterland Frisian uur (“over”), West Frisian oer (“over, across”), Cimbrian übar (“over”), Dutch over (“over”), German ober, über, ueber (“over, above”), Limburgish euver, övver (“over”), Low German över, üöver (“over”), Luxembourgish iwwer (“over”), Mòcheno iber (“over”), Yiddish איבער (iber, “over”), Danish and Norwegian Bokmål over (“over”), Elfdalian yvyr (“over”), Faroese yvir (“over”), Icelandic yfir (“over”), Norwegian Nynorsk over, yver, yvi (“over”), Swedish över (“over”), Gothic 𐌿𐍆𐌰𐍂 (ufar, “over”); also Breton and Cornish war (“on, over”), Irish ar (“on”), Manx er (“on”), Scottish Gaelic air (“on, upon”), Latin super (“above, over”), Ancient Greek ῠ̔πείρ (hŭpeír), ὑπέρ (hupér), ῠ̔́περ (hŭ́per, “above, over”), Albanian epër (“above, high, overhead, up, upward”), Armenian վեր (ver, “up”), Avestan 𐬎𐬞𐬀𐬌𐬭𐬌 (upaⁱri, “above, over”), Persian بر (bar, “on; onto; upon”), Sanskrit उपरि (upari, “above, over”).
Doublet of uber, super, and hyper.
Meanings
Expressing spatial relationship or movement. ▸ Above; higher than; further up than.
Over them gleamed far off the crimson banners of morning. 1858 October 16, Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, “The Courtship of Miles Standish”, in The Courtship of Miles Standish, and Other Poems, Boston, Mass.: Ticknor and Fields, →OCLC:
The ability of a segment of a glass sphere to magnify whatever is placed before it was known around the year 1000, when the spherical segment was called a reading stone,[…]. Scribes, illuminators, and scholars held such stones directly over manuscript pages as an aid in seeing what was being written, drawn, or read. 2013 September-October, Henry Petroski, “The Evolution of Eyeglasses”, in American Scientist:
Hold the sign up over your head.
The mountain towered over the village.
Expressing spatial relationship or movement. ▸ Across, from one side to the other.
The guide took us over the border.
Expressing spatial relationship or movement. ▸ Across, so as to pass above.
The vulture flew over the desert.
If I saw the wild geese fly over the dark lakes of Kerry... 1918, Dora Sigerson Shorter, Sick I Am and Sorrowful:
I looked out over the sea.
Expressing spatial relationship or movement. ▸ Through or around all the parts of.
The estate agent showed me over the property.
(figuratively) We went over the figures together.
We went over the cathedral and then had lunch in the cafe.
Expressing spatial relationship or movement. ▸ On the other side of.
The next town is over that hill.
He lives over the road from me.
(for ‘over at/in/on’, informal) Expressing spatial relationship or movement. ▸ At or near (a location seen as 'across' from the speaker's location).
My hopes wa'n't disappointed. I never saw clams thicker than they was along them inshore flats. I filled my dreener in no time, and then it come to me that 'twouldn't be a bad idee to get a lot more, take 'em with me to Wellmouth, and peddle 'em out. Clams was fairly scarce over that side of the bay and ought to fetch a fair price. 1913, Joseph C[rosby] Lincoln, chapter III, in Mr. Pratt’s Patients, New York, N.Y.; London: D[aniel] Appleton and Company, →OCLC:
There was a big fire over the other side of town.
Expressing spatial relationship or movement. ▸ From one physical position to another via an obstacle that must be traversed vertically, first upwards and then downwards.
Let's walk over the hill to get there.
The dog jumped over the fence.
The lava bubbled up and over the rim of the crater.
Expressing spatial relationship or movement. ▸ Across (something) and then downwards.
I tripped over a tree root.
The car drove straight over the edge of the cliff.
Expressing spatial relationship or movement. ▸ On top of; in such a way as to cover.
There is a roof over the house.
(figuratively) A strange feeling came over me.
Drape the fabric over the table.
Expressing comparison. ▸ More than (a given value, amount, limit etc.); beyond; past; exceeding.
It's over a hundred degrees outside.
He is over a hundred years old.
I think I’m over my limit for calories for today.
Expressing comparison. ▸ To a greater degree than.
Only for a brief two centuries in the Middle Ages did a Baltic community coalesce, under the Hanseatic League of prosperous cities that valued trade over plunder. 1989 May, Priit J. Vesilind, “The Baltic: Arena of Power”, in National Geographic, volume 175, number 5, page 605:
I prefer the purple over the pink.
(in certain collocations) Expressing comparison. ▸ As compared to.
Sales are down this quarter over last.
During or throughout (a time period).
Mostly, the microbiome is beneficial. It helps with digestion and enables people to extract a lot more calories from their food than would otherwise be possible. Research over the past few years, however, has implicated it in diseases from atherosclerosis to asthma to autism. 2013 June 29, “A punch in the gut”, in The Economist, volume 407, number 8842, pages 72–3:
I'll have to work over the weekend.
He's got grumpier over the years.
Through or via (a particular transmission medium).
A stern voice boomed over the loudspeaker.
The message came over FM radio.
This letter contained specific details of the case confirming a sequence of events from the Penny Pinchers store. It aligned with what Jo-Anne had heard over the phone and what passing motorists saw in the rain. 2026 July 25, Nicholas Muhoro, “The Last Call of Jo-Anne Pedersen, the Girl Who Vanished From a Payphone”, in Skip Boring, archived from the original on 26 Jul 2026:
Indicating relative status, authority, or power.
The prince ruled over a portion of the kingdom.
The owner's son lorded it over the experienced managers.
In a position of having overcome (a problem or issue); past; finished with; from one state to another via a hindrance that must be solved or defeated; or via a third state that represents a significant difference from the first two.
I know the referee made a bad call, but you have to get over it [your annoyance with the referee's decision].
She is finally over [the distress of] losing her job.
We got over the engineering problems and the prototype works great.
I am over my cold and feel great again.
He is finally over his [distress over the loss of the relationship with his] ex-girlfriend.
While doing an activity involving (something), especially while consuming.
Over meatloaf and mashed potatoes (being careful not to talk with his mouth full), Stanley told about his adventure. 2009, Sara Pennypacker, The Great Egyptian Grave Robbery, Scholastic, →ISBN, page 79:
Six diners in business clothes—five attractive young women and a balding middle-aged man—relax over cigarettes. 1990, Seymour Chatman, Coming to Terms, Cornell, →ISBN, page 100:
He fell asleep over the crossword puzle.
Sunday had been my favorite day at Woodlawn. A long W.A.A. [="work as assigned" period], having coffee and croissants with Mark over the Sunday Times. 1998, Marian Swerdlow, Underground Woman, Temple, →ISBN, page 88:
We had a chat over dinner.
Concerning or regarding.
The two boys had a fight over whose girlfriend was the best.
It has jailed environmental activists and is planning to limit the power of judicial oversight by handing a state-approved body a monopoly over bringing environmental lawsuits. 2013 August 10, “Can China clean up fast enough?”, in The Economist, volume 408, number 8848:
Above, implying superiority after a contest; in spite of; notwithstanding.
We triumphed over difficulties.
It was a fine victory over their opponents.
I can't hear you over the noise of that road drill.
The bill was passed over the veto.
Expressing causation: due to, as the result of.
He was fired over that.
Microsoft CEO should be fired over cyber failure 2024 May 24, “https://www.afr.com/technology/microsoft-ceo-should-be-fired-over-cyber-failure-20240523-p5jg4q”, in Financial Review:
Divided by.
Two over six equals one over three.
Separates the three of a kind from the pair in a full house.
9♦9♠9♣6♥6♠ = nines over sixes
(qualifier:more common in speech) Separates the primary chord of a slash chord from the bass note.
scn bonu cchiui (finish with, done with) · fi ohi (finish with, done with) · it più di (by comparison: more than; to a greater degree) · sv genom (math: divided by) · fi yli (physical positioning: across or spanning) · cs přes (physical positioning: across or spanning) · uk че́рез (physical positioning: across or spanning) · scn suprecchiu (by comparison: beyond, past, exceeding) · fi jaettuna (math: divided by) · fi -sta (concerning or regarding) · fi yli (finish with, done with) · he לחלק ל־ (math: divided by) · es ya le vale (madre) (finish with, done with) · fy oer (physical positioning: on top of; above) · hu keresztül (physical positioning: from one position to another over an obstacle) · es sobre (physical positioning: on top of; above) · tr üstünde (physical positioning: on top of; above) · la prae (by comparison: more than; to a greater degree) · hu rá (physical positioning: in such a way as to cover) · ru бо́лее чем (by comparison: more than; to a greater degree) · cy dros (physical positioning: on top of; above) · scn supra a (concerning or regarding) · pt sobre (physical positioning: across or spanning) · ckb ئەو بەر (physical positioning: across or spanning) · sh nad (physical positioning: on top of; above) · fi yli (physical positioning: on top of; above) · hu -ben (math: divided by) · is yfir (physical positioning: on top of; above) · zza sero (physical positioning: on top of; above) · pt por (math: divided by) · nl op (physical positioning: on top of; above) · yi איבער (physical positioning: in such a way as to cover) · lt virš (physical positioning: on top of; above) · tr üstünde (by comparison: beyond, past, exceeding) · cs nad (physical positioning: on top of; above) · sl preko (by comparison: more than; to a greater degree) · ro peste (by comparison: beyond, past, exceeding) · zza ata (by comparison: beyond, past, exceeding) · sv över (physical positioning: in such a way as to cover) · scn di ḍḍà banna (physical positioning: across or spanning) · pl nad (physical positioning: on top of; above) · hu -n (above, in spite of, notwithstanding) · da forbi (by comparison: beyond, past, exceeding) · es ya lo olvidó (finish with, done with) · fr plus que (by comparison: more than; to a greater degree) · fr sur (math: divided by) · ckb لەسەر (physical positioning: in such a way as to cover) · scn di 'n capu di (concerning or regarding) · es ya le llega (al pincho) (finish with, done with) · hu mint (by comparison: as compared to) · fi olla ylittänyt (by comparison: beyond, past, exceeding) · bg над (by comparison: beyond, past, exceeding) · fi päällä (physical positioning: on top of; above) · bg делено на (math: divided by) · fi koskien (concerning or regarding) · hu képest (by comparison: as compared to) · hu túl (finish with, done with) · fi yli (by comparison: beyond, past, exceeding) · km លើ (physical positioning: on top of; above) · nap ngoppe (physical positioning: on top of; above) · cy dros (physical positioning: in such a way as to cover) · hu ellenére (above, in spite of, notwithstanding) · sv över (math: divided by) · tl hatiin sa (math: divided by) · fi yläpuolella (physical positioning: on top of; above) · hu -nál (by comparison: more than; to a greater degree) · sv över (by comparison: beyond, past, exceeding) · tr üzerinde (by comparison: beyond, past, exceeding) · it al di là (physical positioning: across or spanning) · uk на (math: divided by) · it sopra (physical positioning: on top of; above) · no over (physical positioning: on top of; above) · tr ötesinde (by comparison: beyond, past, exceeding) · scn parranu di (concerning or regarding) · sco ower (physical positioning: on top of; above) · ro deasupra (physical positioning: on top of; above) · fi -sta (above, in spite of, notwithstanding) · hu osztva (math: divided by) · sv över (physical positioning: across or spanning) · hy վրայով (physical positioning: across or spanning) · pt mais que (by comparison: more than; to a greater degree) · nl boven (physical positioning: on top of; above) · da ovre (by comparison: beyond, past, exceeding) · be над (physical positioning: on top of; above) · no forbi (by comparison: beyond, past, exceeding) · rup disuprã (physical positioning: on top of; above) · es sobre (physical positioning: across or spanning) · de durch (math: divided by) · es sobre (physical positioning: in such a way as to cover) · scn di 'n capu a (physical positioning: in such a way as to cover) · yi איבער (physical positioning: across or spanning) · sv om (concerning or regarding) · scn di supra (physical positioning: in such a way as to cover) · fi huolimatta (above, in spite of, notwithstanding) · ko 위에 (physical positioning: on top of; above) · fi -lla (while using, consuming) · hu keresztül (physical positioning: across or spanning) · hu fölött (physical positioning: on top of; above) · no over (physical positioning: across or spanning) · ru сверх (by comparison: more than; to a greater degree) · fi -lla (physical positioning: in such a way as to cover) · rup prisuprã (physical positioning: on top of; above) · ckb ئەولا (physical positioning: across or spanning) · fr au-delà (physical positioning: across or spanning) · fi yli (physical positioning: from one position to another over an obstacle) · es ya no le importa (finish with, done with) · hy դուրս (by comparison: beyond, past, exceeding) · pl przez (math: divided by) · ko 나누기 (math: divided by) · sv över (physical positioning: on top of; above) · pt sobre (physical positioning: in such a way as to cover) · scn spartutu pi (math: divided by) · hu -en (concerning or regarding) · hu át (physical positioning: from one position to another over an obstacle) · arz فوق (physical positioning: on top of; above) · fi ylitse (physical positioning: from one position to another over an obstacle) · hu -nál (by comparison: as compared to) · sl čez (physical positioning: in such a way as to cover) · hy վրա (physical positioning: in such a way as to cover) · fo yvir (physical positioning: on top of; above) · bg през (physical positioning: across or spanning) · eo super (physical positioning: on top of; above) · es entre (math: divided by) · hu túl (by comparison: beyond, past, exceeding) · fi enemmän kuin (by comparison: more than; to a greater degree) · sl čez (physical positioning: across or spanning) · hu -ön (concerning or regarding) · sk nad (physical positioning: on top of; above) · sv över (by comparison: more than; to a greater degree) · da over (physical positioning: on top of; above) · no over (by comparison: beyond, past, exceeding) · ga ós cionn (physical positioning: on top of; above) · hu -ban (math: divided by) · nl over (physical positioning: on top of; above) · fi päällä (physical positioning: in such a way as to cover) · la supra (physical positioning: on top of; above) · uk над (physical positioning: on top of; above) · ar فَوْقَ (physical positioning: on top of; above) · fi -stä (concerning or regarding) · scn di 'n capu (physical positioning: on top of; above) · hu -ön (above, in spite of, notwithstanding) · hy վրա (physical positioning: on top of; above) · bg над (physical positioning: on top of; above) · hu kész (finish with, done with) · ar عَبْرَ (physical positioning: across or spanning) · scn ntô menzu (physical positioning: from one position to another over an obstacle) · lad enriva (physical positioning: on top of; above) · fi yllä (physical positioning: on top of; above) · he חלקי (math: divided by) · hu készen (finish with, done with) · ja 割る (math: divided by) · it sopra (physical positioning: in such a way as to cover) · ru над (physical positioning: on top of; above) · ar فَوْقَ (by comparison: more than; to a greater degree) · bg през (physical positioning: from one position to another over an obstacle) · yi איבער (physical positioning: on top of; above) · hu mellett (while using, consuming) · hu fölé (physical positioning: in such a way as to cover) · scn 'n menzu (physical positioning: from one position to another over an obstacle) · fi per (math: divided by) · mhn iber (physical positioning: on top of; above) · bg над (physical positioning: in such a way as to cover) · scn cchiussai di (by comparison: more than; to a greater degree) · sl nad (physical positioning: on top of; above) · hu -en (above, in spite of, notwithstanding) · grc ὑπέρ (by comparison: more than; to a greater degree) · pt sobre (physical positioning: on top of; above) · be праз (physical positioning: across or spanning) · ru за (while using, consuming) · vi trên (physical positioning: on top of; above) · got 𐌿𐍆𐌰𐍂 (physical positioning: on top of; above) · hu -on (concerning or regarding) · hu át (physical positioning: across or spanning) · hu fölött (above, in spite of, notwithstanding) · fi suhteessa (by comparison: as compared to) · ru че́рез (physical positioning: across or spanning) · tl sa ibabaw ng (math: divided by) · cmn 在……之上 (physical positioning: on top of; above) · hu -on (above, in spite of, notwithstanding) · scn supra (physical positioning: on top of; above) · grc ὑπέρ (physical positioning: on top of; above) · hy վերևում (physical positioning: on top of; above) · zza sera (physical positioning: on top of; above) · nds-de öwer (physical positioning: from one position to another over an obstacle) · es a (by comparison: more than; to a greater degree) · hu -nél (by comparison: as compared to) · fi aikana (physical positioning: across or spanning) · cy dros (physical positioning: across or spanning) · br war (physical positioning: on top of; above) · nds-de örwer (physical positioning: from one position to another over an obstacle) · hu -nél (by comparison: more than; to a greater degree) · pt a (by comparison: more than; to a greater degree) · pl przez (physical positioning: across or spanning) · ca sobre (physical positioning: on top of; above) · ca més que (by comparison: more than; to a greater degree) · fi ylitse (by comparison: beyond, past, exceeding) · hu mint (by comparison: more than; to a greater degree) · es ya le resfala (finish with, done with) · es más que (by comparison: more than; to a greater degree) · ar عَلَى (math: divided by) · ja 上に (physical positioning: on top of; above) · es lo superó (finish with, done with) · fr sur (physical positioning: on top of; above) · de über (physical positioning: on top of; above) · fi ohessa (while using, consuming) · ckb بان (physical positioning: on top of; above) · hu -n (concerning or regarding) · sv över (physical positioning: from one position to another over an obstacle) · ckb لەبان (physical positioning: in such a way as to cover) · sh над (physical positioning: on top of; above) · scn di 'n capu a (concerning or regarding) · bg повече от (by comparison: more than; to a greater degree) · es sobre (math: divided by) · ru на (math: divided by) · scn di 'n capu a (math: divided by) · sv över (while using, consuming)
Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *úp
Proto-Indo-European *-er
Proto-Indo-European *upér
Proto-Germanic *uber
Proto-West Germanic *obar
Old English ofer
Middle English over
English over
From Middle English over, from Old English ofer, ofor, ouer, from Proto-West Germanic *obar, from Proto-Germanic *uber (“over”), from Proto-Indo-European *upér (“above; over”).
Cognates
Cognate with Scots ower (“over”), Yola oer, ower, owr (“over”), Saterland Frisian uur (“over”), West Frisian oer (“over, across”), Cimbrian übar (“over”), Dutch over (“over”), German ober, über, ueber (“over, above”), Limburgish euver, övver (“over”), Low German över, üöver (“over”), Luxembourgish iwwer (“over”), Mòcheno iber (“over”), Yiddish איבער (iber, “over”), Danish and Norwegian Bokmål over (“over”), Elfdalian yvyr (“over”), Faroese yvir (“over”), Icelandic yfir (“over”), Norwegian Nynorsk over, yver, yvi (“over”), Swedish över (“over”), Gothic 𐌿𐍆𐌰𐍂 (ufar, “over”); also Breton and Cornish war (“on, over”), Irish ar (“on”), Manx er (“on”), Scottish Gaelic air (“on, upon”), Latin super (“above, over”), Ancient Greek ῠ̔πείρ (hŭpeír), ὑπέρ (hupér), ῠ̔́περ (hŭ́per, “above, over”), Albanian epër (“above, high, overhead, up, upward”), Armenian վեր (ver, “up”), Avestan 𐬎𐬞𐬀𐬌𐬭𐬌 (upaⁱri, “above, over”), Persian بر (bar, “on; onto; upon”), Sanskrit उपरि (upari, “above, over”).
Doublet of uber, super, and hyper.
Meanings
(not-comparable) Describing a physical change of position or state. ▸ From one position or location to another, horizontally or approximately so, or along a route visualised as "across".
I slid over to make room for him to sit down.
In the future, when space travel is affordable to everyone, we'll be able to pop over to the Moon for a weekend.
Please pass the chocolates over to me.
"Come over to my house and play!" — "Sure, I'll bring over a pizza."
That vase isn't exactly central. Could you move it over a couple of inches?
He's driven over from Bristol.
(not-comparable) Describing a physical change of position or state. ▸ Across from one side of something to the other.
I need to cross the river. Can you take me over in your boat?
(not-comparable) Describing a physical change of position or state. ▸ So as to pass above.
I looked up just as a helicopter flew over.
(not-comparable) Describing a physical change of position or state. ▸ Up one side of something, across, and then down the other side.
The fence is too high. I don't think I'll be able to get over.
The boiling milk bubbled over onto the cooker top.
(not-comparable) Describing a physical change of position or state. ▸ Across something, such as an edge, and then downwards.
The car rolled to the edge of the cliff and went straight over.
(not-comparable) Describing a physical change of position or state. ▸ From an upright position to a horizontal one.
That building just fell over!
He tipped the bottle over, and the water came gushing out.
(not-comparable) Describing a physical change of position or state. ▸ So as to fold towards or onto itself.
The leaves have curled over.
Bend the end of that wire over to make a hook.
He bent over to touch his toes.
(not-comparable) Describing a physical change of position or state. ▸ On top of something, or so as to cover something.
Paint it over with a darker colour.
It's starting to cloud over.
(not-comparable) Describing a physical change of position or state. ▸ So as to reverse up/down orientation, or otherwise change orientation by rotating.
I can't sleep on my back. I have to roll over onto my side.
Put the card face down, and don't turn it over until I say so.
(not-comparable) Describing a physical change of position or state. ▸ So as to reverse or exchange position(s).
Swap those cables over. The red one should be in the left socket.
(not-comparable) Expressing figurative movement from one position or state across to another.
This advertisement doesn't clearly get the idea over.
I switched over to Channel 9.
He came over to our way of thinking on the new project.
I signed the property over to him.
(not-comparable) Indicating a direction or location away from the speaker, usually roughly horizontally or visualised as such.
Look over there!
I'll see you over at the club.
(not-comparable) Thoroughly; completely; from beginning to end.
I'm going to look over our department's expenses.
During the whole time of his abode in the university he generally spent thirteen hours of the day in study; by which assiduity besides an exact dispatch of the whole course of philosophy, he read over in a manner all classic authors that are extant[…] 1661, John Fell, The Life of the most learned, reverend and pious Dr. H. Hammond:
Let me think that over.
Let's talk over the project at tomorrow's meeting.
(in-compounds, not-comparable, often) To a high or excessive degree; overly; see also over-.
If you're over tentative then you'll get nowhere.
She seemed a placid creature altogether - eminently respectable - perhaps not over intelligent. 1934, Agatha Christie, chapter 12, in Murder on the Orient Express, London: HarperCollins, published 2017, page 158:
I'm not over bothered about going to the party.
(not-comparable) Beyond or in excess of what is correct or expected.
The show ran ten minutes over.
We tried to stick to budget, but in the end we went twenty dollars over.
(not-comparable) To a future time.
Carry the shortfall over and we'll make it up tomorrow.
(not-comparable) Overnight (throughout the night).
Can I sleep over?
We missed the last bus home so we stayed over.
(US, not-comparable, usually, with do) Indicating repetition. ▸ Again; another time; once more; over again.
I lost my paper and I had to do the entire assignment over.
(not-comparable) Indicating repetition. ▸ Used for rhetorical effect to reinforce that something was done the stated number of times.
I said the magic word three times over, and the secret door slid open.
(not-comparable) See also individual entries for phrasal verbs: go over, hand over, run over, take over, win over, etc.
nl om (from upright to horizontal position) · uk зно́ву (again) · fr trop (to an excessive degree) · fi sinne (from one position or state to another) · hu el (horizontally; from one place to another) · hu ki (from upright to horizontal position) · ga arís (again) · fr à nouveau (again) · fi uudelleen (again) · fr sur- (to an excessive degree) · hu arrébb (horizontally; from one place to another) · io itere (again) · zza reyna (diq) (again) · hu túl (to an excessive degree) · fi tuonne (from one position or state to another) · hu újra (again) · ru на ночь (overnight) · fr encore (again) · ru опя́ть (again) · hu éjszakára (overnight) · hu át (from one position or state to another) · fi läpi (thoroughly, completely) · pl przez noc (overnight) · nl omver (from upright to horizontal position) · hu végig (thoroughly, completely) · hu le (from upright to horizontal position) · fi uudestaan (again) · sv över (overnight) · sv igen (again) · fi tänne (from one position or state to another) · it ancora (again) · sv åter (again) · pt de novo (again) · zza fına (diq) (again) · fi sivulle (horizontally; from one place to another) · sv för (to an excessive degree) · sv över (horizontally; from one place to another) · qu pata (horizontally; from one place to another) · bg пак (again) · tr tekrar (again) · hu át (thoroughly, completely) · it nuovamente (again) · fr re- (again) · fi kumoon (from upright to horizontal position) · fi sivuun (horizontally; from one place to another) · sv omkull (from upright to horizontal position) · fi yötä (overnight) · nl opnieuw (again) · hu túlzottan (to an excessive degree) · sv över- (to an excessive degree) · nl over (again) · ru сно́ва (again) · scn tropp'assai (to an excessive degree) · fi ympäri (from upright to horizontal position) · fi nurin (from upright to horizontal position)
Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *úp
Proto-Indo-European *-er
Proto-Indo-European *upér
Proto-Germanic *uber
Proto-West Germanic *obar
Old English ofer
Middle English over
English over
From Middle English over, from Old English ofer, ofor, ouer, from Proto-West Germanic *obar, from Proto-Germanic *uber (“over”), from Proto-Indo-European *upér (“above; over”).
Cognates
Cognate with Scots ower (“over”), Yola oer, ower, owr (“over”), Saterland Frisian uur (“over”), West Frisian oer (“over, across”), Cimbrian übar (“over”), Dutch over (“over”), German ober, über, ueber (“over, above”), Limburgish euver, övver (“over”), Low German över, üöver (“over”), Luxembourgish iwwer (“over”), Mòcheno iber (“over”), Yiddish איבער (iber, “over”), Danish and Norwegian Bokmål over (“over”), Elfdalian yvyr (“over”), Faroese yvir (“over”), Icelandic yfir (“over”), Norwegian Nynorsk over, yver, yvi (“over”), Swedish över (“over”), Gothic 𐌿𐍆𐌰𐍂 (ufar, “over”); also Breton and Cornish war (“on, over”), Irish ar (“on”), Manx er (“on”), Scottish Gaelic air (“on, upon”), Latin super (“above, over”), Ancient Greek ῠ̔πείρ (hŭpeír), ὑπέρ (hupér), ῠ̔́περ (hŭ́per, “above, over”), Albanian epër (“above, high, overhead, up, upward”), Armenian վեր (ver, “up”), Avestan 𐬎𐬞𐬀𐬌𐬭𐬌 (upaⁱri, “above, over”), Persian بر (bar, “on; onto; upon”), Sanskrit उपरि (upari, “above, over”).
Doublet of uber, super, and hyper.
Meanings
(qualifier:procedure word) A radio procedure word meaning that the station is finished with its transmission and is expecting a response.
Bravo Six, this is Bravo Six Four. Stand by for ten mike report one dash three, over.
How do you receive? Over!
Bravo Six Four, this is Bravo Six Actual. Send your traffic, over.
Instructs the reader to turn the page and continue reading the other side.
(abbreviation, alt-of, ellipsis, obsolete, slang) Ellipsis of over the left shoulder (“expressing disbelief etc.”).
fr parlez (end of sentence in radio communication) · sv kom (end of sentence in radio communication) · pt câmbio (end of sentence in radio communication) · bg край (end of sentence in radio communication) · fa تمام (end of sentence in radio communication) · de Schluss (end of sentence in radio communication) · id ganti (end of sentence in radio communication) · hu vétel (end of sentence in radio communication) · sh prijem (end of sentence in radio communication) · es cambio (end of sentence in radio communication) · vi bên kia (turn the page) · pl odbiór (end of sentence in radio communication) · th เปลี่ยน (end of sentence in radio communication) · sv över (end of sentence in radio communication) · cmn 完毕 (end of sentence in radio communication) · nl over (end of sentence in radio communication) · da skifter (end of sentence in radio communication) · ru приём (end of sentence in radio communication) · he עֲבֹר (end of sentence in radio communication) · fi kuuntelen (end of sentence in radio communication) · it passo (end of sentence in radio communication) · cs přepínám (end of sentence in radio communication) · id balik halaman (turn the page) · tr tamam (end of sentence in radio communication) · ja どうぞ (end of sentence in radio communication) · da skift (end of sentence in radio communication) · de kommen (end of sentence in radio communication) · fr à vous (end of sentence in radio communication) · sv slut kom (end of sentence in radio communication)
Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *úp
Proto-Indo-European *-er
Proto-Indo-European *upér
Proto-Germanic *uber
Proto-West Germanic *obar
Old English ofer
Middle English over
English over
From Middle English over, from Old English ofer, ofor, ouer, from Proto-West Germanic *obar, from Proto-Germanic *uber (“over”), from Proto-Indo-European *upér (“above; over”).
Cognates
Cognate with Scots ower (“over”), Yola oer, ower, owr (“over”), Saterland Frisian uur (“over”), West Frisian oer (“over, across”), Cimbrian übar (“over”), Dutch over (“over”), German ober, über, ueber (“over, above”), Limburgish euver, övver (“over”), Low German över, üöver (“over”), Luxembourgish iwwer (“over”), Mòcheno iber (“over”), Yiddish איבער (iber, “over”), Danish and Norwegian Bokmål over (“over”), Elfdalian yvyr (“over”), Faroese yvir (“over”), Icelandic yfir (“over”), Norwegian Nynorsk over, yver, yvi (“over”), Swedish över (“over”), Gothic 𐌿𐍆𐌰𐍂 (ufar, “over”); also Breton and Cornish war (“on, over”), Irish ar (“on”), Manx er (“on”), Scottish Gaelic air (“on, upon”), Latin super (“above, over”), Ancient Greek ῠ̔πείρ (hŭpeír), ὑπέρ (hupér), ῠ̔́περ (hŭ́per, “above, over”), Albanian epër (“above, high, overhead, up, upward”), Armenian վեր (ver, “up”), Avestan 𐬎𐬞𐬀𐬌𐬭𐬌 (upaⁱri, “above, over”), Persian بر (bar, “on; onto; upon”), Sanskrit उपरि (upari, “above, over”).
Doublet of uber, super, and hyper.
Meanings
A set of six legal balls bowled.
Jones hit four boundaries in the first over.
In an emotional and electric atmosphere at Lord's, both sides scored 241 in their 50 overs and were level on 15 when they batted for an extra over apiece. 2019 July 14, Stephan Shemilt, “England win Cricket World Cup: Ben Stokes stars in dramatic finale against New Zealand”, in BBC Sport, London:
Any surplus amount of money, goods delivered, etc.
[…] standard cash count forms used to record the count and any overs or unders. 2008, G. Puttick, Sandy van Esch, The Principles and Practice of Auditing, page 609:
(informal) Something having an excess of a particular property.
In today's golf tournament we recorded three unders and twenty overs.
I went fishing but caught mostly overs.
A bet that a particular sporting statistic, such as points scored in a game, will be above a certain stated value.
Forms
Spelling
Features
Labels
Source
o'er
alternative
lexicographic
ouer
alternative
lexicographic
ower
Geordie, alternative
lexicographic
ovuh
alternative
lexicographic
overs
Number=Plur
lexicographic
Translations (3)
fi ylijäämä (surplus) · mi paiepa (set of six legal balls (in cricket)) · hu maradék (surplus)
Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *úp
Proto-Indo-European *-er
Proto-Indo-European *upér
Proto-Germanic *uber
Proto-West Germanic *obar
Old English ofer
Middle English over
English over
From Middle English over, from Old English ofer, ofor, ouer, from Proto-West Germanic *obar, from Proto-Germanic *uber (“over”), from Proto-Indo-European *upér (“above; over”).
Cognates
Cognate with Scots ower (“over”), Yola oer, ower, owr (“over”), Saterland Frisian uur (“over”), West Frisian oer (“over, across”), Cimbrian übar (“over”), Dutch over (“over”), German ober, über, ueber (“over, above”), Limburgish euver, övver (“over”), Low German över, üöver (“over”), Luxembourgish iwwer (“over”), Mòcheno iber (“over”), Yiddish איבער (iber, “over”), Danish and Norwegian Bokmål over (“over”), Elfdalian yvyr (“over”), Faroese yvir (“over”), Icelandic yfir (“over”), Norwegian Nynorsk over, yver, yvi (“over”), Swedish över (“over”), Gothic 𐌿𐍆𐌰𐍂 (ufar, “over”); also Breton and Cornish war (“on, over”), Irish ar (“on”), Manx er (“on”), Scottish Gaelic air (“on, upon”), Latin super (“above, over”), Ancient Greek ῠ̔πείρ (hŭpeír), ὑπέρ (hupér), ῠ̔́περ (hŭ́per, “above, over”), Albanian epër (“above, high, overhead, up, upward”), Armenian վեր (ver, “up”), Avestan 𐬎𐬞𐬀𐬌𐬭𐬌 (upaⁱri, “above, over”), Persian بر (bar, “on; onto; upon”), Sanskrit उपरि (upari, “above, over”).
Doublet of uber, super, and hyper.
Meanings
(UK, dialectal, obsolete, transitive) To go over, or jump over.
He overed the fence in good style.
(UK, dialectal, intransitive, obsolete) To run about.
The cattle have been overing all day because of the flies.
From Middle English over (“riverbank, seashore, brink”), from Old English ōfer (“riverbank, seashore, brink, edge, margin, border”), from Proto-Germanic *ōferaz. Cognate with Dutch oever (“riverbank, shore”), German Ufer (“shore, shoreline, riverbank”), Low German Över (“shore, riverbank”).
Meanings
(dialectal, obsolete, rare) A shore, riverbank.
The sea's over.
Cassibola was ready at Dover, & renged (encamped) his men by the over. 1338, Robert Mannyng, Mannyng's Chronicle: