stress en · NOUN
Pronunciation
Etymology
Etymology tree Proto-Indo-European *dwóh₁ ▲ Proto-Indo-European *trísinflu. Proto-Indo-European *d(w)is- Proto-Italic *dis- Latin dis- Proto-Indo-European *streyg- Proto-Indo-European *-né- Proto-Indo-European *-ti Proto-Indo-European *strinégti Proto-Italic *stringō Proto-Indo-European *strengʰ- Proto-Indo-European *-eti Proto-Indo-European *stréngʰeti Proto-Italic *strengō Latin stringō Latin distringōder. Old French destrecierbor. Middle English destresse English stress From a shortening of Middle English destresse, borrowed from Old French destrecier, from Latin distringō (“to stretch out”). This form probably coalesced with Middle English stresse, from Old French estrece (“narrowness”), from Vulgar Latin *strictia, from Latin strictus (“narrow”). Displaced native Old English swēġ (“accent, stress”), though strictly in the grammatical sense. In the sense of "mental strain" or “disruption”, used occasionally in the 1920s and 1930s by psychologists, including Walter Cannon (1934); in “biological threat”, used by endocrinologist Hans Selye, by metaphor with stress in physics (force on an object) in the 1930s, and popularized by same in the 1950s.
Meanings
- (countable, uncountable) A physical, chemical, infective agent aggressing an organism.
- (countable, uncountable) Aggression toward an organism resulting in a response in an attempt to restore previous conditions.
- (countable) The internal distribution of force across a small boundary per unit area of that boundary (pressure) within a body. It causes strain or deformation and is typically symbolised by σ or τ.
- (countable) Force externally applied to a body which cause internal stress within the body.
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(uncountable) Emotional pressure suffered by a human being or other animal.
Go easy on him, he's been under a lot of stress lately.
Lazarus and Folkman’s transactional model of stress and coping describes psychological stress as “a particular relationship between the person and the environment that is appraised as taxing or exceeding his or her resources and endangering his or her well-being” (Lazarus & Folkman, 1984, p.19). According to these authors, the essence of inducing stress is how a person appraises the situation and whether he or she has the physical and mental ability to cope with the problem.
2024 December 16, Amanda M. Y. Chu, Damen H. Y. Woo, Agnes Tiwari, Helina Yuk, Mike K. P. So, “Which types of family caregivers are more prone to developing depression? Leveraging non-financial social support to mitigate depression”, in Current Psychology, →DOI:
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(broadly, countable) A suprasegmental feature of a language having additional attention raised to a sound, word or word group by means of of loudness, duration or pitch; phonological prominence.
Some people put the stress on the first syllable of “controversy”; others put it on the second.
phrase stress, prosodic stress
lexical stress
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(countable, qualifier:strictly) The suprasegmental feature of a language having additional attention raised to a sound by means of loudness and/or duration; phonological prominence phonetically achieved by means of dynamics as distinct from pitch.
The shift from pitch to stress appears to happen before the other obliques begin merging in the Proto-Italic, Proto-Germanic, Primitive Irish, and Middle Indo-Aryan. But further investigation into the timeline of sound changes […] shows that, at least in Germanic, the oblique and core noun stems sound quite unpredictably different in all these families by the time of the crucial accent shift from pitch to stress. […] once a language becomes stress-sensitive, there seems to be a strong tendency in early Indo-European languages to shift the stress to the first syllable. This change happens shortly after the change to stress accent in Proto-Germanic, Proto-Italic, and Proto-Celtic, and even Thessalian, with evidence from Dybo's Law and Verner's Law left behind to show that sound changes happened after the changes to stress accent.
2020 September 7, Steve Rapaport, “Parallel syncretism in early Indo-European”, in Bridget Drinka, editor, Historical Linguistics 2017: Selected Papers from the 23rd International Conference on Historical Linguistics, San Antonio, Texas, 31 July – 4 August 2017, →DOI, page 59:
- (uncountable) Emphasis placed on a particular point in an argument or discussion (whether spoken or written).
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(alt-of, countable, obsolete, uncountable) Obsolete form of distress.
alt of distress
With this sad Hersal of his heavy stress, The warlike Damzel was empassion's sore, And said; Sir Knight, your Cause is nothing less Than is your Sorrow , certes if not more
1590, Edmund Spenser, “Book III, Canto II”, in The Faerie Queene. […], London: […] [John Wolfe] for William Ponsonbie, →OCLC:
- (countable, qualifier:Scots law, uncountable) distress; the act of distraining; also, the thing distrained.
Forms
| Spelling | Features | Labels | Source |
|---|---|---|---|
| stresses | Number=Plur | lexicographic |
Antonyms
Coordinates
pressure · deformation · force · strain
Deriveds
internal stress · stress wood · premenstrual stress · stress test · stressogenic · stressy · oxidative stress · stress mark · critical incident stress management · electrostress · stress incontinence · cryostress · yield stress · isostress · technostress · hyperstress · paleostress · shear stress · stress-timed · stressify · combat stress reaction · unstress · thermostress · stressful · stressproof · engineering stress · stress deafness · posttraumatic stress disorder · stress fracture · backstress · eigenstress · geostress · anti-stress · stress function · mitostress · stressbusting · photostress · post-traumatic stress disorder · secondary stress · stress puppy · post traumatic stress disorder · prestress · poststress · stressbuster · stresslet · stress-free · stresswise · complex post-traumatic stress disorder · post-traumatic stress syndrome · hypostress · stresshead · genotoxic stress · stressosome · infostress · eu-stress · porcine stress syndrome · residual stress · microstress · primary stress · interstress · stressaholic · stressfree · nonstress · nonstress test · eustress · genostress · nitrosative stress · stress ball · stress eating · flow stress · stressless · storm and stress · macrostress · stress cardiomyopathy · stress timing · true stress · anxiostressive · antistress · Peierls stress · psychostress · osmostress · stress of weather
Synonyms
accent · emphasis · stress accent · accent · emphasis · emphasis (on a point) · emphasis (on words in speaking)
Translations (154)
pt ênfase (on a point in an argument) · pdt Wicht (nds) (emotional pressure) · uk на́голос (on a point in an argument) · nl stress (emotional pressure) · pl emfaza (on a point in an argument) · tr sıkıntıfeşer (emotional pressure) · am ውጥረት (emotional pressure) · cs stres (emotional pressure) · az stress (emotional pressure) · hi तनाव (emotional pressure) · ro încordare ((physics) internal force across a boundary per area) · ru стресс (emotional pressure) · be на́ціск (on a point in an argument) · ko 압력 ((physics) internal force across a boundary per area) · mi tāmitanga (emotional pressure) · sh прѝтисак (emotional pressure) · ky стресс (emotional pressure) · lv uzsvars (on a point in an argument) · pt estresse (emotional pressure) · pdt Druck (emotional pressure) · lv stress (emotional pressure) · es stress (emotional pressure) · ko 압박 (emotional pressure) · th ความเครียด (emotional pressure) · de Stress (emotional pressure) · tr vurgu (on a point in an argument) · hi खिंचाव ((physics) internal force across a boundary per area) · bg акцент (on a point in an argument) · lv spriegums ((physics) internal force across a boundary per area) · ka ძაბვა ((physics) internal force across a boundary per area) · id stres (emotional pressure) · el άγχος (emotional pressure) · pl stres (emotional pressure) · af stres (emotional pressure) · es estrés (emotional pressure) · nl zenuwen ((physics) internal force across a boundary per area) · fi painotus (on a point in an argument) · el τονισμός (on a point in an argument) · fa-ira اِسْتِرِس (emotional pressure) · it stress (emotional pressure) · sl stres (emotional pressure) · is streita (emotional pressure) · ms tekanan (emotional pressure) · da stress (emotional pressure) · vi áp lực (emotional pressure) · is áhersla (on a point in an argument) · sv dragspänning ((physics) internal force across a boundary per area) · uk стрес (emotional pressure) · sh pritisak (emotional pressure) · hu stressz (emotional pressure) · mk стрес (emotional pressure) · ru ударе́ние (on a point in an argument) · ar إِجْهَاد ((physics) internal force across a boundary per area) · fr contrainte ((physics) internal force across a boundary per area) · da spænding ((physics) internal force across a boundary per area) · eo streso (emotional pressure) · ko 강조 (on a point in an argument) · tt стресс (emotional pressure) · ja 重き (on a point in an argument) · si ආතතිය ((physics) internal force across a boundary per area) · ru акце́нт (on a point in an argument) · fi paine (emotional pressure) · ms tegasan ((physics) internal force across a boundary per area) · bg напреже́ние ((physics) internal force across a boundary per area) · sh stres (emotional pressure) · fr emphase (on a point in an argument) · ru давле́ние (emotional pressure) · ba баҫым (emotional pressure) · fi jännitys ((physics) internal force across a boundary per area) · vi áp lực ((physics) internal force across a boundary per area) · sv stress (emotional pressure) · lv akcents (on a point in an argument) · fa-ira فِشار (emotional pressure) · fi kuormitus ((physics) internal force across a boundary per area) · ru давле́ние ((physics) internal force across a boundary per area) · ko 스트레스 (emotional pressure) · is stress (emotional pressure) · ga béim (on a point in an argument) · ru напряже́ние (emotional pressure) · si ආතතිය (emotional pressure) · el στρες (emotional pressure) · he מְצוּקָה (emotional pressure) · de Betonung (on a point in an argument) · hy սթրես (emotional pressure) · vi xì-trét (emotional pressure) · bg стрес (emotional pressure) · tr stres (emotional pressure) · kk стресс (emotional pressure) · ru нажи́м ((physics) internal force across a boundary per area) · hi तान ((physics) internal force across a boundary per area) · cmn 壓力 /压力 ((physics) internal force across a boundary per area) · ro tensiune ((physics) internal force across a boundary per area) · fr tension ((physics) internal force across a boundary per area) · et stress (emotional pressure) · uz stress (emotional pressure) · el καταπόνηση ((physics) internal force across a boundary per area) · kmr hêrsdarî (emotional pressure) · lt stresas (emotional pressure) · ru напряже́ние ((physics) internal force across a boundary per area) · cmn 壓力 /压力 (emotional pressure) · sh на́гласак (on a point in an argument) · sv normalspänning ((physics) internal force across a boundary per area) · ru стресс (emotional pressure) · gd cudrom (on a point in an argument) · ja ストレス (emotional pressure) · hu erő ((physics) internal force across a boundary per area) · ca estrès (emotional pressure) · ro stres (emotional pressure) · it enfasi (on a point in an argument) · be стрэс (emotional pressure) · hu nyomás (emotional pressure) · fr stress (emotional pressure) · eo streĉo (emotional pressure) · ko 변형력 ((physics) internal force across a boundary per area) · sh стре̏с (emotional pressure) · pt tensão ((physics) internal force across a boundary per area) · ja 応力 ((physics) internal force across a boundary per area) · el έμφαση (on a point in an argument) · it tensione ((physics) internal force across a boundary per area) · sq stres (emotional pressure) · tk stress (emotional pressure) · ca èmfasi (on a point in an argument) · fa-ira فِشار ((physics) internal force across a boundary per area) · pt stress (emotional pressure) · ja 力説 (on a point in an argument) · nl spanning ((physics) internal force across a boundary per area) · pl nacisk (on a point in an argument) · de Spannung ((physics) internal force across a boundary per area) · be на́ціск ((physics) internal force across a boundary per area) · gl estrés (emotional pressure) · sw msongo wa mawazo (emotional pressure) · tl istres (emotional pressure) · sv spänning ((physics) internal force across a boundary per area) · mi mate tāmitanga (emotional pressure) · sk stres (emotional pressure) · ba баҫым (on a point in an argument) · ca tensió ((physics) internal force across a boundary per area) · fi stressi (emotional pressure) · hu nyomás ((physics) internal force across a boundary per area) · tl sidhi ((physics) internal force across a boundary per area) · fi rasitus (emotional pressure) · mi ahotea (emotional pressure) · sh náglasak (on a point in an argument) · tg стресс (emotional pressure) · ar إِجْهَاد (emotional pressure) · it pressione (emotional pressure) · ka სტრესი (emotional pressure) · uk на́тиск ((physics) internal force across a boundary per area) · fi rasitus ((physics) internal force across a boundary per area) · ru уси́лие ((physics) internal force across a boundary per area) · nb stress (emotional pressure) · hi बल (on a point in an argument) · vi căng thẳng (emotional pressure) · pl naprężenie ((physics) internal force across a boundary per area)
wikipedia: Walter Cannon · wikipedia: Hans Selye · wikidata: Q206175