ruminate en · VERB · etymology 1
Pronunciation
Etymology
First attested in 1533; borrowed from Latin rūminātus, perfect active participle of rūminor (“to chew the cud, turn over in the mind”) (see -ate (verb-forming suffix)), from rūmen (“the throat, gullet”) + -ō (verb-forming suffix), itself of uncertain origin.
Meanings
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(intransitive) To chew cud. (Said of ruminants.) Involves regurgitating partially digested food from the rumen.
A camel will ruminate just as a cow will.
There is surely some point beyond which the acquisition of other men’s thoughts must not be carried. This we say for the sake of those helluones librorum, who read forever and without stint; browsing as diligently as oxen in the green herbage of rich meads, but, unlike these, never lying down to ruminate. Life is too short, Art is too long, for a human mind to make perpetual accretion of book-learning, without halt. Sufflaminandum est.
1861, James W[addell] Alexander, “Remarks on the Studies and Discipline of the Preacher”, in S. D. A[lexander], editor, Thoughts on Preaching: Being Contributions to Homiletics, New York, N.Y.: Charles Scribner, […], →OCLC, page 181:
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(intransitive) To meditate or reflect.
I didn't answer right away because I needed to ruminate first.
Yet do thou cherish thy Partner, whilst her innocent Eyes are gazing on the Green Garment, that covereth the Surface of her Illapidable Virginity, ruminating upon the Departure of her nearest and dearest Friend [...] In that Day, thee wilt see with the Eye of Flesh; but if thee pursues it farther, to know whether she be Lapidable, or not, thee art certainly a Tyrant: For the Hammer of thy Loins, will at length beat down the Fortress of her Porto Bello; and the Pillars of her Tabernace will be spread abroad, until thee hast plundered the City, and taken the Precious Stones away.
1744, James Carson, Jemmy Carson’s collections: being a revival of his own labours and lucubrations, for thirty years past; with pieces upon different subjects, by several hands, Dublin:All its sweetness, its wild purity, its slow, sorrowful strength, and its sudden overtripping, overmastering joy , drifted out upon the sunshine of the meadow, the varied phrases coming turn and turn about with long intervening silences, as though the singer ruminated on all the beauty before her, and unconsciously sang her thoughts aloud.
1912, Tickner Edwardes, Neighbourhood: A Year's Life in and about an English Village, page 135:Meanwhile, the MoT had itself also been ruminating on options for the northern half of the route.
2020 April 8, David Clough, “How the West Coast wiring war was won”, in Rail, page 59:In the present case, therefore, it now comes closer and closer, in thought, to the first finite; but before taking hold of it, and determining to explore it, the mind proposes, and ruminates, certain middle questions, touching the actual existence of a nexus, and the possibility there is, of discovering the nature, and quality of the nexus, which subsists between the cause, and the causate, or between the infinite, and the first finite.
1848, Emanuel Swedenborg, The Philosophy of the Infinite; Outlines on a philosophical argument on the Infinite:
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(transitive) To meditate or ponder over; to muse on.
What I know / Is ruminated, plotted, and set down.
c. 1597 (date written), William Shakespeare, “The First Part of Henry the Fourth, […]”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio), London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, published 1623, →OCLC, [Act I, scene iii]:Mad with desire, she ruminates her sin.
1697, Virgil, “Cinyras and Myrrha”, in John Dryden, transl., The Works of Virgil: Containing His Pastorals, Georgics, and Æneis. […], London: […] Jacob Tonson, […], →OCLC:"Good-by, my dear Belinda; I leave you to ruminate sweet and bitter thoughts; to think of the last speech and confession of Lady Delacour, or, what will interest you much more, the first speech and confession of—Clarence Harvey."
1801, Maria Edgeworth, “Belinda”, in Tales and Novels, volume 6, New York: Harper & Brothers, published 1835, page 65:
Forms
| Spelling | Features | Labels | Source |
|---|---|---|---|
| ruminating | Tense=Pres, VerbForm=Part | lexicographic | |
| ruminates | Number=Sing, Person=3, Tense=Pres | lexicographic | |
| ruminatedst | Number=Sing, Person=2, Tense=Past | archaic | lexicographic |
| ruminateth | Number=Sing, Person=3, Tense=Pres | archaic | lexicographic |
| ruminated | Number=Plur, Tense=Past | lexicographic | |
| ruminated | Number=Sing, Person=3, Tense=Past | lexicographic | |
| ruminated | Number=Sing, Person=2, Tense=Past | lexicographic | |
| ruminated | Tense=Past, VerbForm=Part | lexicographic | |
| ruminated | Mood=Sub, Tense=Past | lexicographic | |
| ruminated | Number=Sing, Person=1, Tense=Past | lexicographic | |
| ruminated | Tense=Past | lexicographic | |
| ruminate | Number=Plur, Tense=Pres | lexicographic | |
| ruminate | VerbForm=Inf | lexicographic | |
| ruminate | Mood=Sub, Tense=Pres | lexicographic | |
| ruminate | Number=Sing, Person=1, Tense=Pres | lexicographic | |
| ruminate | Mood=Imp, Tense=Pres | lexicographic | |
| ruminate | Number=Sing, Person=2, Tense=Pres | lexicographic | |
| ruminatest | Number=Sing, Person=2, Tense=Pres | archaic | lexicographic |
Deriveds
Relateds
rumination · rumen · ruminatory · ruminant
Synonyms
Translations (82)
ota كومك (to chew cud) · ary جر (to chew cud) · pl zastanowić się (intransitive: to meditate) · gsw beibe (to chew cud) · no tygge på (intransitive: to meditate) · ar اجْتَرَّ (to chew cud) · sk prežúvať (to chew cud) · cmn 反芻 /反刍 (to chew cud) · gd cnuasaich (intransitive: to meditate) · pt rumiar (to chew cud) · ro rumega (o idee) (intransitive: to meditate) · nan-hbl 翻草 (to chew cud) · pl przeżuwać (to chew cud) · cs rozebírat (intransitive: to meditate) · el σκέφτομαι (intransitive: to meditate) · hu mereng (intransitive: to meditate) · el μηρυκάζω (to chew cud) · qu kutipakuy (to chew cud) · ga meabhraigh (intransitive: to meditate) · de wiederkäuen (to chew cud) · nb drøvtygge (to chew cud) · fi märehtiä (to chew cud) · pt remoer (intransitive: to meditate) · rup aroamig (to chew cud) · sko prežúvať (to chew cud) · uk розмірковувати (intransitive: to meditate) · es rebinar (intransitive: to meditate) · uk ремигати (to chew cud) · pl pomyśleć (intransitive: to meditate) · nn ørte (to chew cud) · hak 倒草 (to chew cud) · gd ath-chagainn (to chew cud) · cs přemítat (intransitive: to meditate) · fo jótra (to chew cud) · fr ruminer (intransitive: to meditate) · hu rágódik (intransitive: to meditate) · sv idissla (to chew cud) · ga athchogain (to chew cud) · pl zastanawiać się (intransitive: to meditate) · bg преживям (to chew cud) · de grübeln (intransitive: to meditate) · nl overdenken (intransitive: to meditate) · is jórtra (to chew cud) · fi märehtiä (intransitive: to meditate) · ro rumega (to chew cud) · ru жева́ть жва́чку (to chew cud) · es rumiar (to chew cud) · gd cnuasaich (to chew cud) · ca remugar (to chew cud) · cy cilgnoi (to chew cud) · uk роздумувати (intransitive: to meditate) · pt ruminar (intransitive: to meditate) · te నెమరువేయు (to chew cud) · es rumiar (intransitive: to meditate) · cs přežvykovat (to chew cud) · hu kérődzik (to chew cud) · pt ruminar (to chew cud) · fa ژاویدن (to chew cud) · la rūmīnō (to chew cud) · mi whakaraupeka (intransitive: to meditate) · pl myśleć (intransitive: to meditate) · unm shëshkòmwi (to chew cud) · nl herkauwen (to chew cud) · hy որոճալ (to chew cud) · es cavilar (intransitive: to meditate) · yue 反芻 /反刍 (to chew cud) · cs hloubat (intransitive: to meditate) · hy խորհրդածել (intransitive: to meditate) · as পাগুলা (to chew cud) · hu elmélkedik (intransitive: to meditate) · it ruminare (to chew cud) · pl przeżuć (to chew cud) · bg размишлявам (intransitive: to meditate) · da tygge drøv (to chew cud) · da drøvtygge (to chew cud) · nb tygge drøv (to chew cud) · shi ⴼⴰⵥⵥ (to chew cud) · fr ruminer (to chew cud) · uk ремиґати (to chew cud) · wa roemyî (to chew cud) · bg преживям, предъвквам (to chew cud) · nn jorte (to chew cud)