lexicography en · NOUN
Pronunciation
- (US) audio
- (General-American) audio
- /ˌlɛksɪˈkɑɡɹəfi/ (General-American)
- /-sə-/ (General-American)
- /ˌlɛksɪˈkɒɡɹəfi/ (Received-Pronunciation)
- (Southern-England) audio
Etymology
Etymology tree Proto-Indo-European *leǵ-der. Proto-Indo-European *léǵ-e-ti Proto-Hellenic *légō Ancient Greek λέγω (légō) Proto-Indo-European *-tis Proto-Hellenic *-tis Ancient Greek -τῐς (-tĭs) Ancient Greek -σῐς (-sĭs) Ancient Greek λέξῐς (léxĭs) Proto-Indo-European *-kos Proto-Hellenic *-kos Ancient Greek -κός (-kós) Ancient Greek -ῐκός (-ĭkós) Ancient Greek λεξῐκός (lexĭkós) English lexico- Proto-Indo-European *gerbʰ- Proto-Hellenic *grə́pʰō Ancient Greek γρᾰ́φω (grắphō) Proto-Indo-European *-h₂ Proto-Indo-European *-éh₂ Proto-Hellenic *-ā́ Ancient Greek -ᾱ (-ā) Ancient Greek -η (-ē) Ancient Greek γραφή (graphḗ) Ancient Greek -γραφίᾱ (-graphíā)bor. French -graphieder. English -graphy English lexicography From lexico- (prefix meaning ‘speech; words’) + -graphy (suffix meaning ‘something written about a specified subject’).
Meanings
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(uncountable) The art or craft of compiling, writing, and editing dictionaries.
And ſuch is the fate of hapleſs lexicography, that not only darkneſs, but light, impedes and diſtreſſes it; things may be not only too little, but too much known, to be happily illuſtrated.
1755 April 15, Samuel Johnson, “Preface”, in A Dictionary of the English Language: […], volume I (A–K), London: […] J[ohn] and P[aul] Knapton; […], →OCLC:A dictionary, as an art and craft of lexicography, has always been closely associated with the notion of pedagogy.
2013, Amy Chi, “Researching Pedagogical Lexicography”, in Howard Jackson, editor, The Bloomsbury Companion to Lexicography (Bloomsbury Companions), London; New York, N.Y.: Bloomsbury Academic, Bloomsbury Publishing, →ISBN, page 165:[...] I have not only availed myſelf of all the Aſſiſtance which more ancient Sources of Spaniſh Lexicography could afford, but alſo had particular Recourſe to the Dictionary published at Madrid in 1797 and 1798, [...]
1802, Henry Neuman, “Preface”, in A New Dictionary of the Spanish and English Languages; […] In Two Parts, 1st part (The Spanish before the English), London: […] Vernor and Hood, […], →OCLC:Let me warn you, therefore, against that fallacious lexicography which forms new words, that undergoing the examination of political slander or intemperate zeal, are considered as having a known acception.—What is the word?—A word that should be discarded, when it is sought to affix to it another meaning than that which it bears in the cases where it is used.
1795 December 22, [John Philpot] Curran (defence counsel), “612. Trial of James Weldon for High Treason, […]”, in Thomas Jones Howell, editor, Cobbett’s Complete Collection of State Trials and Proceedings for High Treason and Other Crimes and Misdemeanors […], volume XXVI, London: […] Longman, Hurst, Rees, Orme, and Brown; [et al.], published 1819, →OCLC, column 267:There exist different forms of this character, but I think we should not presume to make an etymology of a Chinese character without being authorized by the Shwǒ wǎn, the oldest and most genuine source of Chinese lexicography.
1831, Ying Hing Soo, “Book Second”, in Charles Fried. Neumann [i.e., Karl Friedrich Neumann], transl., History of the Pirates who Infested the China Sea, from 1807 to 1810. […], London: […] Oriental Translation Fund, […], →OCLC, footnote, page 54:Without doubt, the most important single development in learner lexicography from the mid-1970s onwards has been the steadily increasing involvement of the computer at all stages of the dictionary-making process, from data gathering and analysis at one end, to compilation, production, and revision at the other.
1999, A[nthony] P[aul] Cowie, “The Role of the Computer in Learner Lexicography”, in English Dictionaries for Foreign Learners: A History, Oxford, Oxfordshire: Clarendon Press, →ISBN, section 4.1 (Introduction), page 118:[T]here are ſeveral Species of Writing, in which a proper Degree of Hebetude is abſolutely neceſſary, as well as in other profeſſions; such as Lexicography, Index-making, and the like; [...]
1735 March 4, “Craftsman, Feb. 22 [Julian calendar]. Nº 451.”, in Sylvanus Urban [pseudonym; Edward Cave], editor, The Gentleman’s Magazine, and Historical Chronicle, volume V, London: […] Edward Cave, […], published February 1735, →OCLC, page 85, column 1:
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(uncountable) The scholarly discipline of analysing and describing the semantic, syntagmatic and paradigmatic relationships within the lexicon (vocabulary) of a language and developing theories of dictionary components and structures linking the data in dictionaries.
What the history of language in general teaches, that in course of time, there is less change in form than signification, in grammar than lexicography, is true of the Greek.
1840, Geo. Benedict Winer [i.e., Georg Benedikt Winer], “§ 4. Grammatical Character of the N.T. Diction.”, in J. H Agnew, O. G. Ebbeke, transl., A Grammar of the Idioms of the Greek Language of the New Testament, Philadelphia, Pa.: Herman Hooker, […], →OCLC, part I, page 37:If Lexicography in general is that science whose task it is to set forth the nature of every single word of a language through all the periods of its existence, it is the task of Latin lexicography in particular to set forth the nature of every single word of the Latin language, as it makes itself known in all the periods of the existence of that language; or more succinctly expressed, it is the object of Latin lexicography to give the history of every single word of the Latin language.
1845 February, Wilhelm Freund, “Article IV. Principles of Latin Lexicography.”, in T[heodore] D[wight] Woolsey, transl., edited by B[ela] B[ates] Edwards and E[dwards] A[masa] Park, Bibliotheca Sacra and Theological Review, volume II, number V, New York, N.Y.; London: Wiley & Putnam; Andover, Mass.: Allen, Morrill and Wardwell, →OCLC, section I (Of the Idea and Elements of Latin Lexicography), § 1, page 80:Academic lexicography, or 'metalexicography', as pursued in university departments of English or Linguistics, is concerned not primarily with the compiling of dictionaries – though academics may be involved in this, as consultants, for example – but with researching and teaching about the whole business of making dictionaries: their history, their typology, their structures, their users, and so on [...].
2002, Howard Jackson, “Criticising Dictionaries”, in Lexicography: An Introduction, London; New York, N.Y.: Routledge, →ISBN, page 173:But changes of this nature belong to lexicography, as they do not affect the grammatical forms of words.
1828, Moses Stuart, “Changes of Consonants”, in A Grammar of the Hebrew Language, 3rd edition, Andover, Mass.: Flagg & Gould, →OCLC, part II (Changes and Peculiarities of Consonants and Verbs), § 105, page 51:Holmer’s work, alone or in collaboration with Wassén, is the one at this stage with the highest quality in the fields of lexicography and verbal art.
2012, De Gruyter Mouton, The Indigenous Languages of South America, archived from the original on 14 Jan 2026, page 400:[T]he philologist may well refuse to accept a body of triliteral roots, developed on a highly artificial and uniform plan, as the ultimate fact in Semitic lexicography.
1911 December 13, C. J. Ball, “A Study in Biblical Philology”, in Proceedings of the Society of Biblical Archæology, volume XXXIII, number CCXLIX, London: Society of Biblical Archaeology, →OCLC, page 13:
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(countable) A dictionary, a lexicon, a wordbook.
The earliest examples of dictionaries or lexicographies in nearly any culture serve more to regularize and standardize the lexicon than to list or inventory it, and as such would tend to take as their object textual rather than spoken language.
1998, Christopher Leigh Connery, “Textual Authority and Textual Practice”, in The Empire of the Text: Writing and Authority in Early Imperial China, Lanham, Md.; Oxford, Oxfordshire: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, →ISBN, page 37:"Air put in motion" is the brief description of the wind in lexicographies; but what a contrast in quality according to its direction; [...]
1855 March, “A Bag of Wind”, in Putnam’s Monthly. A Magazine of Literature, Science, and Art, volume V, number XXVII, New York, N.Y.: Dix & Edwards, […]; London: Sampson Low, Son & Co., →OCLC, page 251, column 1:There can be no doubt, that in a general sense a boat is a vessel, for it is "a vehicle in which men or goods are carried on the water," which is one of the definitions of a vessel given in our lexicographies; [...]
1828 October, Joseph Story, Associate Judge of the Supreme Court; William P. Mason (reporter), “United States vs. an Open Boat and Lading”, in Reports of Cases Argued and Determined in the Circuit Court of the United States, for the First Circuit, volume V, Boston, Mass.: Hilliard, Gray, Little, and Wilkins, published 1831, →OCLC, page 134:
Forms
| Spelling | Features | Labels | Source |
|---|---|---|---|
| lexicographies | Number=Plur | lexicographic |
Deriveds
lexicographese · lexicographist · metalexicography
Relateds
lexicon · lexicographical · lexicology · lexis · lexicographically · lexicographic · lexicographian · lexicographer · lexicological
Translations (78)
de Lexikographie (art or craft of compiling, writing, and editing dictionaries) · sw leksikografia (art or craft of compiling, writing, and editing dictionaries) · cy geiriaduraeth (art or craft of compiling, writing, and editing dictionaries) · lt leksikografija (art or craft of compiling, writing, and editing dictionaries) · hi कोशकर्म (scholarly discipline of analyzing and describing lexical relationships and developing dictionary structures) · pt lexicografia (art or craft of compiling, writing, and editing dictionaries) · io lexikografio (art or craft of compiling, writing, and editing dictionaries) · sh лексикогра̀фија (art or craft of compiling, writing, and editing dictionaries) · gd faclaireachd (art or craft of compiling, writing, and editing dictionaries) · is orðabókargerð (art or craft of compiling, writing, and editing dictionaries) · eo leksikografio (art or craft of compiling, writing, and editing dictionaries) · fa فرهنگنویسی (art or craft of compiling, writing, and editing dictionaries) · ro lexicografie (art or craft of compiling, writing, and editing dictionaries) · hu lexikográfia (art or craft of compiling, writing, and editing dictionaries) · ast lexicografía (art or craft of compiling, writing, and editing dictionaries) · ga foclóireacht (art or craft of compiling, writing, and editing dictionaries) · pl leksykografia (art or craft of compiling, writing, and editing dictionaries) · uz lugʻatchilik (art or craft of compiling, writing, and editing dictionaries) · kk сөздікжасам (art or craft of compiling, writing, and editing dictionaries) · pl słownikarstwo (art or craft of compiling, writing, and editing dictionaries) · ky лексикография (art or craft of compiling, writing, and editing dictionaries) · mk лексикогра́фија (art or craft of compiling, writing, and editing dictionaries) · el λεξικογράφηση (art or craft of compiling, writing, and editing dictionaries) · is orðabókarfræði (scholarly discipline of analyzing and describing lexical relationships and developing dictionary structures) · ru лексикогра́фия (art or craft of compiling, writing, and editing dictionaries) · it lessicografia (art or craft of compiling, writing, and editing dictionaries) · tr sözlükçülük (art or craft of compiling, writing, and editing dictionaries) · da leksikografi (art or craft of compiling, writing, and editing dictionaries) · cs slovníkářství (art or craft of compiling, writing, and editing dictionaries) · bg лексикогра́фия (art or craft of compiling, writing, and editing dictionaries) · sh leksikogràfija (art or craft of compiling, writing, and editing dictionaries) · es lexicografía (art or craft of compiling, writing, and editing dictionaries) · bg лексикогра́фия (scholarly discipline of analyzing and describing lexical relationships and developing dictionary structures) · kk лексикография (art or craft of compiling, writing, and editing dictionaries) · hu szótárírás (art or craft of compiling, writing, and editing dictionaries) · mk лексикогра́фија (scholarly discipline of analyzing and describing lexical relationships and developing dictionary structures) · ta பேரகரமுதலி (art or craft of compiling, writing, and editing dictionaries) · ja 辞書編集 (art or craft of compiling, writing, and editing dictionaries) · hy բառարանագրություն (art or craft of compiling, writing, and editing dictionaries) · fi leksikografia (art or craft of compiling, writing, and editing dictionaries) · sh leksikogràfija (scholarly discipline of analyzing and describing lexical relationships and developing dictionary structures) · be лексікагра́фія (art or craft of compiling, writing, and editing dictionaries) · pa ਕੋਸ਼ਕਾਰੀ (art or craft of compiling, writing, and editing dictionaries) · km វចនលេខន៍ (art or craft of compiling, writing, and editing dictionaries) · fr lexicographie (art or craft of compiling, writing, and editing dictionaries) · el λεξικογραφία (art or craft of compiling, writing, and editing dictionaries) · cmn 辭書學 /辞书学 (art or craft of compiling, writing, and editing dictionaries) · ia lexicographia (art or craft of compiling, writing, and editing dictionaries) · sv lexikografi (scholarly discipline of analyzing and describing lexical relationships and developing dictionary structures) · tr sözlükbilim (art or craft of compiling, writing, and editing dictionaries) · cs lexikografie (art or craft of compiling, writing, and editing dictionaries) · tl leksikograpiya (art or craft of compiling, writing, and editing dictionaries) · nl lexicografie (art or craft of compiling, writing, and editing dictionaries) · mk речни́карство (art or craft of compiling, writing, and editing dictionaries) · lv leksikogrāfija (art or craft of compiling, writing, and editing dictionaries) · yue 詞典學 /词典学 (art or craft of compiling, writing, and editing dictionaries) · uk словника́рство (art or craft of compiling, writing, and editing dictionaries) · cmn 詞典編輯 /词典编辑 (art or craft of compiling, writing, and editing dictionaries) · sv lexikografi (art or craft of compiling, writing, and editing dictionaries) · is orðabókafræði (scholarly discipline of analyzing and describing lexical relationships and developing dictionary structures) · cmn 詞典學 /词典学 (art or craft of compiling, writing, and editing dictionaries) · az lüğətçilik (art or craft of compiling, writing, and editing dictionaries) · la lexica condere (art or craft of compiling, writing, and editing dictionaries) · uk лексикогра́фія (art or craft of compiling, writing, and editing dictionaries) · ms perkamusan (art or craft of compiling, writing, and editing dictionaries) · et leksikograafia (art or craft of compiling, writing, and editing dictionaries) · hi कोशकर्म (art or craft of compiling, writing, and editing dictionaries) · cy geiriadureg (art or craft of compiling, writing, and editing dictionaries) · ca lexicografia (art or craft of compiling, writing, and editing dictionaries) · gl lexicografía (art or craft of compiling, writing, and editing dictionaries) · no leksikografi (art or craft of compiling, writing, and editing dictionaries) · ko 사전학 (art or craft of compiling, writing, and editing dictionaries) · is orðabókagerð (art or craft of compiling, writing, and editing dictionaries) · ms leksikografi (art or craft of compiling, writing, and editing dictionaries) · tr leksikografi (art or craft of compiling, writing, and editing dictionaries) · sh лексикогра̀фија (scholarly discipline of analyzing and describing lexical relationships and developing dictionary structures) · vi từ điển học (art or craft of compiling, writing, and editing dictionaries) · ja 辞書学 (art or craft of compiling, writing, and editing dictionaries)