elf en · NOUN
Pronunciation
- /ɛlf/
- ĕlf
- (US) audio
Etymology
Etymology tree Proto-Indo-European *albʰósder. Proto-Germanic *albiz Proto-West Germanic *albi Old English ielf Middle English elf English elf From Middle English elf, from Old English ielf, ælf, from Proto-West Germanic *albi, from Proto-Germanic *albiz. Ultimately probably derived from Proto-Indo-European *h₂elbʰós (“white”). Doublet of alf, awf, and oaf. The modern fantasy literature sense was popularised by the works of J.R.R. Tolkien.
Meanings
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(Germanic) A supernatural being or spirit associated with illness, mischief, and harmful or dangerous magical influence; in later Norse sources, sometimes divided into benevolent light elves (inhabiting Álfheimr) and malevolent dark elves.
Alfs [elfs]: Another name for the elfs or elves.
2010, Heilan Yvette Grimes, The Norse Myths, Hollow Earth Publishing, →ISBN, page 254:NAT,[…]; a term applied to all spiritual beings, angels, elfs, demons, or what not, including the gods of the Hindus.
1903, Henry Yule, A[rthur] C[oke] Burnell, “NAT, s.”, in William Crooke, editor, Hobson-Jobson: A Glossary of Colloquial Anglo-Indian Words and Phrases, and of Kindred Terms, Etymological, Historical, Geographical and Discursive, London: John Murray, […], page 619, column 2:The man whom heauens haue ordaynd to bee The ſpouſe of Britomart, is Arthegall: He wonneth in the land of Fayeree, Yet is no Fary borne, ne ſib at all To Elfes, but ſprong of ſeed terreſtriall, And whylome by falſe Faries ſtolne away, Whyles yet in infant cradle he did crall; Ne other to himſelfe is knowne this day, But that he by an Elfe was gotten of a Fay.
1590, Edmund Spenser, “Book III, Canto III”, in The Faerie Queene. […], London: […] [John Wolfe] for William Ponsonbie, →OCLC, page 433:Their Robbin-good-fellowes, Elfes, Fairies, Hobgoblins of our latter age, which idolatrous former daies and the fantasticall world of Greece ycleaped Fawnes, Satyres, Dryades & Hamadryades, did most of their merry prankes in the Night.
1594, Tho[mas] Nashe, The Terrors of the Night or, A Discourse of Apparitions, London: […] Iohn Danter for William Iones, […]:The elfs or elves were inhabitants of the fields and groves, the progenitors of the fairies of the middle ages; […]
1868, David Hume, William Cooke Stafford, The History of England, from the Earliest Period to the Present Time; Compiled from the Most Authentic Sources, volume I, London; New York, N.Y.: The London Printing and Publishing Company, Limited, page 53, column 1:The Arbhus became in Teutonic mythology the Alben, Elben or Elfen, our Elfs, and in Scandinavian the Alfar.
1868, S[abine] Baring-Gould, “The Piper of Hameln”, in Curious Myths of the Middle Ages, second series, Philadelphia, Pa.: J[oshua] B[allinger] Lippincott & Co.; London: Rivingtons, page 173:Elfs and fays, from their haunts in the mountains, whistle their eerie ballads above the gray roof of “Dove Cottage,” and dance their ghostly jigs on the huge hearthstone, among whose blazing logs the Fire God paints his immortal canvases, with colorings splendid beyond the dream of man.
1917 November, Elizabeth Clendenning Ring, “Florence Earle Coates: Some Phases of Her Life and Poetry”, in The Book News Monthly, volume 36, page 109, column 1:Cain got no good from committing that murder because the Almighty made him anathema and out of the curse of his exile there sprang ogres and elves and evil phantoms[.]
1999, Seamus Heaney, Beowulf, London: Faber and Faber, page 6:Eve, Danish legend of her concealing her unwashed children, from whom come elfs, trolls, &c.
1879, William Henderson, “Index”, in Notes on the Folk-Lore of the Northern Counties of England and the Borders. […], London: […] [F]or the Folk-Lore Society by W. Satchell, Peyton and Co., […], page 364:Here in the interior the saga placed the descendants of the demons (Troll) and elves (Alfvar), more hateful than all other men.
1845, Eric Gustave Geijer, The History of the Swedes, London: Whittaker and Co., page 17, column 2:Every elf, and fairy sprite, Hop as light as bird from brier.
c. 1595–1596 (date written), William Shakespeare, “A Midsommer Nights Dreame”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies: Published According to the True Originall Copies (First Folio), London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, published 1623, →OCLC, [Act V, scene ii]:[…] I had rather have a Child which my Wife ſhould bring me, though by another man, then to have a Changeling brought me by a company of Fairies, Elfs and Goblins: […]
1649, ΕΙΚΩΝ Ἡ ΠΙΣΤΗ. Or, The Faithfull Pourtraicture of a Loyall Subject, in Vindication of ΕΙΚΏΝ ΒΑΣΙΛΙΚΉ. […], page 16:[…]the Devaſtations under the Goths, Guelphs, and Gibelines [whence ſome would derive the Terms of Elfs (or Elves) or Fairies, and Goblins (or Hobgoblins) or Spectres, &c.] […]
1760, Andrew Brice, “TUSCANY”, in The Grand Gazetteer; or, Topographic Dictionary, &c., page 1322, column 1:This Juno heard; And ſhall ſuch Elfs, ſhe cry’d, Diſpute my Juſtice, or my Pow’r deride?
1717, Laurence Eusden, “Book IV. [The Transformation of the Theban Matrons.]”, in Ovid’s Metamorphoses in Fifteen Books. […], London: […] Jacob Tonson, […], →OCLC, page 127:The quarrel ſpreading into parties, called the Guelfs and the Gibellines, became at laſt the wonder and amazement of all good people: inſomuch as ſome are of opinion, that the fiction of the Elfs and Goblins, wherewith we uſe to fright young children, was derived from hence.
1657, Peter Heylyn, Cosmographie in Four Books. Containing the Chorographie and Historie of the Whole World, and All the Principal Kingdoms, Provinces, Seas, and Isles Thereof., 2nd edition, London: […] Henry Seile, […], page 131:[…] if theyr children at any time vvere frowarde and vvanton, they would ſay to them that the Guelfe or the Gibeline came. VVhich vvords novve from them (as many thinge els) be come into our vſage, and for Guelfes and Gibelines, we ſay Elfes & Goblins.
1579, E. K., “[Iune. Ægloga Sexta.] Glosse.”, in Immeritô [pseudonym; Edmund Spenser], The Shepheardes Calender: […], London: […] Hugh Singleton, […], →OCLC, folio 25, recto:The opinion of Fairies and Elfs is very old, and yet ſticketh very religiously in the minds of ſome. But to root that rank opinion of Elfs out of mens hearts, the truth is, that there be no ſuch things, nor yet the ſhadows of the things, but only by a ſort of bald Friers and knaviſh ſhavelings ſo faigned; […]
1678, The Shepherds Calendar: Containing Twelve Æglogues, Proportionable to the Twelve Months. […], London: […] Henry Hills for Jonathan Edwin, […], page 26:These Picts are the Clan Alpin, the Alps, or Elfs or Elves,—[…]
1850, Matthew Stewart, Remarks on the Subject of Language, with Some Observations in the Form of Notes, Illustrative of the Information Which Language May Afford of the History and Opinions of Mankind, London: […] Richard and John Edward Taylor, […], for, […] the Author, page 14:
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A small, magical creature similar to a fairy, often mischievous, playful, or occasionally helpful.
For there and ſeveral other places About mill dams and green brae faces, Both Elrich, Elfs and Brownies ſtayed, And Green gown’d Farries daunc’d and played; […]
a. 1690, William Cleland, A Collection of Several Poems and Verses, Composed upon Various Occasions, published 1697, page 59:Farefolkis, fairies, elfs, or elves; […]
1802, J[ames] Sibbald, “Glossary; or An Explanation of Ancient Scottish Words”, in Chronicle of Scottish Poetry; from the Thirteenth Century, to the Union of the Crowns: To Which Is Added a Glossary, volume IV, Edinburgh: […] [F]or J. Sibbald, […], [b]y C. Stewart & Co. […]:All the fairy tales of my childhood were conjured up before my startled imagination, and appeared to be realised in the forms which surrounded me; I saw the whole forest filled with trolls, elves, and sporting dwarfs.
1886, Peter Christen Asbjørnsen, translated by H.L. Brækstad, Folk and Fairy Tales, page 281:Prithee, young one, who art thou, and what has ailed thy mother to bedizen thee in this strange fashion? Art thou a Christian child,—ha? Dost know thy catechism? Or art thou one of those naughty elfs or fairies, whom we thought to have left behind us, with other relics of Papistry, in merry old England?
1850, Nathaniel Hawthorne, “The Elf-Child and the Minister”, in The Scarlet Letter, a Romance, Boston, Mass.: Ticknor, Reed, and Fields, →OCLC, page 130:IN Days of Old when Arthur fill’d the Throne, Whoſe Acts and Fame to Foreign Lands were blown; The King of Elfs and little Fairy Queen Gamboll’d on Heaths, and danc’d on ev’ry Green.
1700, [John] Dryden, “The Wife of Bath Her Tale [by Geoffrey Chaucer]”, in Fables Ancient and Modern; […], London: […] Jacob Tonson, […], →OCLC, page 479:We may add, and our author has knowledge of the fact, that not even the Germans, those masterly delineators and imaginators of fairy-land, have shown greater or more exquisite insight into the lives and ways of elfs and fays than that which was shown by George Cruikshank.
1882 October 7, “The Life of George Cruikshank: in Two Epochs. By Blanchard Jerrold. […]”, in The Athenæum: Journal of Literature, Science, the Fine Arts, Music, and the Drama, number 2867, London: […] John C. Francis, […], page 471, column 1:The next species of these airy nothings are the elfs, or elves; […]
1852, William Bell, Shakespeare’s Puck, and His Folkslore, Illustrated from the Superstitions of All Nations, but More Especially from the Earliest Religion and Rites of Northern Europe and the Wends, London, page 58:
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A member of a race of tall, slender, graceful beings with pointed ears, typically immortal or very long-lived and possessing wisdom and magical abilities.
So they laughed and sang in the trees; and pretty fair nonsense I daresay you think it. Not that they would care they would only laugh all the more if you told them so. They were elves of course. Soon Bilbo caught glimpses of them as the darkness deepened. He loved elves, though he seldom met them; but he was a little frightened of them too.
1937, J. R. R. Tolkien, “3: A Short Rest”, in The Hobbit, Unwin Paperbacks, published 1983, page 56:Much of fairy lore clusters around the so-called fairy rings, that is, the green circles in old pastures within which the elfs were supposed to dance at night by the light of the moon.
1889 May, “[Literary Notices.] The Folk-Lore of Plants. By T. F. Thiselton Dyer. […]”, in Popular Science, page 128, column 1:Fantasy elves have human shapes. They're thin. They're tall. They're beautiful. They're blond. They have pointy ears.
2018, Virginia Loh-Hagan, Elves, Ann Arbor: 45th Parallel Press, page 9:He was not speaking troll-talk now, but the language of Elfland, that grander tongue that he had had to speak when he was before the King: for he knew the language of Elfland although it was never used in the homes of the trolls, who preferred troll-talk. This language was spoken in those days also by men, for there were fewer languages then, and the elves and the people of Erl both used the same.
1924, Lord Dunsany, chapter VII, in The King of Elfland's Daughter, New York: G.P. Puttnam's Sons, page 59:
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(abbreviation, alt-of, broadly, ellipsis) Ellipsis of Christmas elf.
alt of Christmas elf
Since you’ve been out, the news arrives The Elfs’ Insurance Company’s gone.
1877, Sidney Lanier, “The Hard Times in Elfland. A Story of Christmas Eve.”, in [Mary Lanier], editor, Poems of Sidney Lanier, New York, N.Y.: Charles Scribner’s Sons, published 1884, page 159:
- (obsolete) A very diminutive person; a dwarf.
- (South-Africa) Bluefish (Pomatomus saltatrix).
Forms
| Spelling | Features | Labels | Source |
|---|---|---|---|
| elve | alternative, obsolete | lexicographic | |
| elves | Number=Plur | lexicographic | |
| elfs | Number=Plur | nonstandard | lexicographic |
Deriveds
elf circle · elfishness · Christmas elf · elflock · elfwort · elfess · elflore · elf owl · elf hill · elf-maiden · elf queen · elf-maid · elfdock · elfology · elflike · elf-child · elf-dock · dark elf · elf and safety · elfmaid · elf-bolt · elf king · elfpunk · elfkind · elf-craft · elfkin · elfist · elfship · elfwise · elfism · elfwife · elfhood · Elfland · elf-girl · elf-man · elf-knight · elf-cup · were-elf · elf barrow · elfin wood · elfless · elf-damsel · elfishly · elfette · elf-light · sea-elf · mountain-elf · elfdom · elfish · elfling · Elfenland · half-elf · wood-elf · wood elf · elf-cap moss · light elf · elf howe · machine elf · elf-dance · elf arrow · elfwoman · dwelf · elf-lady · elf-folk · elfness · elf-shot
Descendants
Elf · エルフ · elfe · ельф · إِلْف · 엘프 · Elfe · elf · эльф
Hyponyms
wood-elf · elven · wood elf · elfe
Relateds
elven · elvan · elfin · elvish
Synonyms
fairy (supernatural creature) · goblin (supernatural creature)
Translations (138)
scn erfu (mythical, supernatural being) · sh patuljak (mythical, supernatural being) · af elf (fantasy: magical, typically forest-guarding creature) · bar Åip (mythical, supernatural being) · sv alv (Norse mythology: luminous spirit dwelling in Álfheim) · hu elf (mythical, supernatural being) · hi एल्फ़ (mythical, supernatural being) · de Elfe (mythical, supernatural being) · ga lucharachán (mythical, supernatural being) · mk елф (mythical, supernatural being) · gl elfo (Norse mythology: luminous spirit dwelling in Álfheim) · ru эльф (fantasy: magical, typically forest-guarding creature) · hi एल्फ (mythical, supernatural being) · tr elf (mythical, supernatural being) · hi देव (mythical, supernatural being) · ca elf (Norse mythology: luminous spirit dwelling in Álfheim) · id peri (mythical, supernatural being) · hi अप्सरा (mythical, supernatural being) · nl alf (mythical, supernatural being) · hu tünde (fantasy: magical, typically forest-guarding creature) · mk ви́леник (mythical, supernatural being) · nl elf (mythical, supernatural being) · fr elfe (Norse mythology: luminous spirit dwelling in Álfheim) · de Alp (mythical, supernatural being) · sw kibwengo (mythical, supernatural being) · fr farfadet (mythical, supernatural being) · fr elfe (fantasy: magical, typically forest-guarding creature) · sv alf (Norse mythology: luminous spirit dwelling in Álfheim) · ar آلْف (mythical, supernatural being) · cmn 精靈 /精灵 (Norse mythology: luminous spirit dwelling in Álfheim) · de Elfin (mythical, supernatural being) · es duende (mythical, supernatural being) · fr elfe (mythical, supernatural being) · id elf (mythical, supernatural being) · sv älva (Norse mythology: luminous spirit dwelling in Álfheim) · pt elfo (fantasy: magical, typically forest-guarding creature) · hu manó (mythical, supernatural being) · sco eemock (mythical, supernatural being) · gd ealf (fantasy: magical, typically forest-guarding creature) · is álfur (mythical, supernatural being) · uk ельф (Norse mythology: luminous spirit dwelling in Álfheim) · eo elfo (mythical, supernatural being) · he אלף (mythical, supernatural being) · ga ealbh (mythical, supernatural being) · cmn 精靈 /精灵 (fantasy: magical, typically forest-guarding creature) · fa وروجک (mythical, supernatural being) · pt elfo (Norse mythology: luminous spirit dwelling in Álfheim) · gmh elbe (mythical, supernatural being) · gd ailbhear (fantasy: magical, typically forest-guarding creature) · cs álf (Norse mythology: luminous spirit dwelling in Álfheim) · fi peikko (mythical, supernatural being) · yue 精靈 /精灵 (mythical, supernatural being) · bg елф (mythical, supernatural being) · ja エルフ (mythical, supernatural being) · gd sìthiche (mythical, supernatural being) · de Elb (mythical, supernatural being) · ru альв (Norse mythology: luminous spirit dwelling in Álfheim) · fi tonttu (mythical, supernatural being) · es elfo (mythical, supernatural being) · de Elfe (mythical, supernatural being) · es elfo (Norse mythology: luminous spirit dwelling in Álfheim) · it elfo (fantasy: magical, typically forest-guarding creature) · th เอลฟ์ (Norse mythology: luminous spirit dwelling in Álfheim) · de Elf (mythical, supernatural being) · cs elf (fantasy: magical, typically forest-guarding creature) · la alfus (mythical, supernatural being) · yue 小精靈 /小精灵 (mythical, supernatural being) · de Elbin (mythical, supernatural being) · hu tünde (mythical, supernatural being) · mk џу́џе (mythical, supernatural being) · no alv (mythical, supernatural being) · lt elfas (mythical, supernatural being) · it elfo (mythical, supernatural being) · mr एल्फ (fantasy: magical, typically forest-guarding creature) · pl elf (mythical, supernatural being) · ko 엘프 (mythical, supernatural being) · scn erfa (Norse mythology: luminous spirit dwelling in Álfheim) · da elver (Norse mythology: luminous spirit dwelling in Álfheim) · ro elf (mythical, supernatural being) · osx alf (mythical, supernatural being) · sh патуљак (mythical, supernatural being) · fr lutin (mythical, supernatural being) · sk škriatok (mythical, supernatural being) · et haldjas (mythical, supernatural being) · mt nanu (mythical, supernatural being) · la alfus (Norse mythology: luminous spirit dwelling in Álfheim) · th เอลฟ์ (mythical, supernatural being) · lv elfa (mythical, supernatural being) · gl ouva (fantasy: magical, typically forest-guarding creature) · th เอลฟ์ (fantasy: magical, typically forest-guarding creature) · ja 妖精 (mythical, supernatural being) · mt elf (mythical, supernatural being) · it elfo (Norse mythology: luminous spirit dwelling in Álfheim) · ang ielf (mythical, supernatural being) · gl ouva (mythical, supernatural being) · nb alv (Norse mythology: luminous spirit dwelling in Álfheim) · uk альв (Norse mythology: luminous spirit dwelling in Álfheim) · ru эльф (Norse mythology: luminous spirit dwelling in Álfheim) · cs elf (mythical, supernatural being) · hu elf (fantasy: magical, typically forest-guarding creature) · gd tàcharan (mythical, supernatural being) · ca elf (mythical, supernatural being) · af elf (Norse mythology: luminous spirit dwelling in Álfheim) · el ξωτικό (mythical, supernatural being) · pt elfo (mythical, supernatural being) · ko 요정 (mythical, supernatural being) · sh vilenjak (mythical, supernatural being) · scn erfu (fantasy: magical, typically forest-guarding creature) · sh вилељак (mythical, supernatural being) · la alfus (fantasy: magical, typically forest-guarding creature) · fa الف (mythical, supernatural being) · non álfr (mythical, supernatural being) · af elf (mythical, supernatural being) · lt elfė (mythical, supernatural being) · ka ელფი (mythical, supernatural being) · fi maahinen (mythical, supernatural being) · uk ельф (mythical, supernatural being) · scn erfu (Norse mythology: luminous spirit dwelling in Álfheim) · gmh alp (mythical, supernatural being) · fi valohaltia (Norse mythology: luminous spirit dwelling in Álfheim) · de Elbe (mythical, supernatural being) · cmn 精靈 /精灵 (mythical, supernatural being) · fi haltia (mythical, supernatural being) · lv elfs (mythical, supernatural being) · de Alb (mythical, supernatural being) · mr एल्फ (mythical, supernatural being) · scn donni di casa (mythical, supernatural being) · gmh alb (mythical, supernatural being) · mr एल्फ (Norse mythology: luminous spirit dwelling in Álfheim) · es elfo (fantasy: magical, typically forest-guarding creature) · da alf (mythical, supernatural being) · fi keiju (mythical, supernatural being) · gd luspardan (mythical, supernatural being) · sv alv (fantasy: magical, typically forest-guarding creature) · goh alp (mythical, supernatural being) · ru эльф (mythical, supernatural being) · hu tündér (mythical, supernatural being) · fi haltia (fantasy: magical, typically forest-guarding creature)