Dictionary

bourgeois en · ADJ · etymology 1

Pronunciation

• /bʊɹʒˈwɑː/ (General-American)
• (UK) audio
• /ˈbʊʒ.wɑː/ (General-American)
• /ˈbʊɹʒ.wɑː/ (General-American)
• (Australia) audio
• (US) audio
• /bʊʒˈwɑː/ (General-American)
• /ˈbʊəʒ.wɑː/ (Received-Pronunciation)
• /ˈbɔːʒ.wɑː/ (Received-Pronunciation)

Etymology

Unadapted borrowing from French bourgeois (“a class of citizens who were wealthier members of the Third Estate”), from Old French burgeis (“town dweller”), from Frankish *burg, ultimately from Proto-Germanic *burgz (“stronghold; city”) (whence borough). Doublet of burgess; compare also burgish.

Meanings

1. Of or relating to the middle class (often derogatory), and their presumed overly conventional, conservative, and materialistic values.
   • It's impossible to tell the story of flamenco without talking about Lorca, who found in it a source of inspiration in a lifelong political-cultural-sexual struggle against bourgeois philistinism. 2010 February 5, Mike Marqusee, “Flamenco's humane roots”, in The Guardian, archived from the original on 23 Jan 2023:
   • The increasing social interactions between the two nations through religion, court and commerce would expose differences in speech too and would soon deepen bourgeois Scots’ deteriorating perception of their own tongue. 2023, Clive Young, “chapter three: From Union to Devolution”, in Unlocking Scots: The Secret Life of the Scots Language, Edinburgh: Luath Press Limited, →ISBN, →OCLC, page 74:
   • bourgeois opinion
2. (historical) Of or relating to the bourgeoisie, the third estate of the French Ancien Regime.
3. (Marxism) Of or relating to the capitalist class, (usually derogatory) the capitalist exploitation of the proletariat.
   • Bogdanov did not explain what proletarian astronomy or integral calculus would be like, but he declared that if workers had difficulty in mastering the various sciences without long, specialized study it was chiefly because bourgeois scientists had erected artificial barriers of method and vocabulary so that the workers should not learn their secrets. 1978 [1976], Leszek Kołakowski, translated by P[aul] S[teven] Falla, Main Currents of Marxism, volume II: The Golden Age, Oxford: Clarendon Press, translation of Główne nurty marksizmu: rozwój (in Polish), →ISBN, →OCLC, page 444:

Forms

Deriveds

postbourgeois · bobo · narcobourgeois · embourgeoisement · bourgeoisness · de-bourgeoisify · bourgeoisify · nonbourgeois · bougie · bourgeoisly · unbourgeois · bourgie · semibourgeois · bourgeoisification · antibourgeois

Descendants

borjuis

Synonyms

square (conventional, conservative)

Translations (86)

mk буржоа́ски (of or relating to capitalist exploitation) · da borgerlig (conventional, conservative and materialistic) · be буржуа́зны (of or relating to the middle class) · cs buržoazní (of or relating to the middle class) · ja ブルジョア (of or relating to the middle class) · pt burguês (of or relating to capitalist exploitation) · bg буржоа́зен (of or relating to capitalist exploitation) · he בּוּרגָנִי (of or relating to capitalist exploitation) · kk буржуазиялық (of or relating to capitalist exploitation) · fa بورژوایی (of or relating to the middle class) · ro burghez (of or relating to the middle class) · uk буржуа́зний (of or relating to capitalist exploitation) · sk buržoázny (of or relating to capitalist exploitation) · eu burges (of or relating to the middle class) · nb borgerlig (of or relating to the middle class) · sh буржоаски (of or relating to capitalist exploitation) · sh buržujski (of or relating to capitalist exploitation) · hu burzsoá (of or relating to capitalist exploitation) · fr bourgeois (of or relating to the middle class) · ar بُرْجُوَازِيّ (of or relating to the middle class) · sl buržoazen (of or relating to capitalist exploitation) · fi poroporvarillinen (conventional, conservative and materialistic) · es aburguesado (conventional, conservative and materialistic) · sh buržujski (of or relating to the middle class) · be буржуа́зны (of or relating to capitalist exploitation) · id kelas menengah (of or relating to the middle class) · hy բուրժուական (of or relating to capitalist exploitation) · ro burjui (of or relating to the middle class) · he בּוּרגָנִי (of or relating to the middle class) · pt burguês (of or relating to the middle class) · ru буржуа́зный (of or relating to capitalist exploitation) · tl burgis (of or relating to the middle class) · de spießbürgerlich (conventional, conservative and materialistic) · ru обыва́тельский (conventional, conservative and materialistic) · bg буржоазен (of or relating to the middle class) · ru буржуа́зный (of or relating to the middle class) · pl burżuazyjny (of or relating to the middle class) · da borgerlig (of or relating to the middle class) · pam burgis (of or relating to the middle class) · es burgués (of or relating to the middle class) · pl burżuazyjny (of or relating to capitalist exploitation) · sh buržoaski (of or relating to the middle class) · fi porvarillinen (of or relating to capitalist exploitation) · ga buirgéiseach (conventional, conservative and materialistic) · ca burgès (of or relating to capitalist exploitation) · ar بُرْجُوَازِيّ (of or relating to capitalist exploitation) · sv borgerlig (conventional, conservative and materialistic) · es burgués (conventional, conservative and materialistic) · de spießig (conventional, conservative and materialistic) · it borghese (of or relating to the middle class) · cs buržoazní (of or relating to capitalist exploitation) · tl arianin (of or relating to the middle class) · el αστικός (of or relating to capitalist exploitation) · uk буржуа́зний (of or relating to the middle class) · ca burgès (of or relating to the middle class) · el αστικός (of or relating to the middle class) · sh buržoaski (of or relating to capitalist exploitation) · hu középosztálybeli (of or relating to the middle class) · ga meánaicmeach (of or relating to the middle class) · ca burgès (conventional, conservative and materialistic) · kk буржуазиялық (of or relating to the middle class) · de bourgeois (of or relating to the middle class) · sh буржујски (of or relating to the middle class) · nl burgerlijk (of or relating to the middle class) · hu nyárspolgárias (conventional, conservative and materialistic) · fi keskiluokkainen (of or relating to the middle class) · sv borgerlig (of or relating to the middle class) · sk buržoázny (of or relating to the middle class) · ga buirgéiseach (of or relating to capitalist exploitation) · sl buržoazen (of or relating to the middle class) · cmn 有產階級 /有产阶级 (of or relating to the middle class) · hu nyárspolgári (conventional, conservative and materialistic) · ar بُرْجُوَازِيّ (conventional, conservative and materialistic) · sh буржујски (of or relating to capitalist exploitation) · ja ブルジョワ (of or relating to the middle class) · fi keskiluokkainen (conventional, conservative and materialistic) · hy բուրժուական (of or relating to the middle class) · sh буржоаски (of or relating to the middle class) · de bürgerlich (of or relating to the middle class) · fr bourgeois (conventional, conservative and materialistic) · el μπουρζουάδικος (of or relating to capitalist exploitation) · fi porvarillinen (of or relating to the middle class) · mk буржоа́ски (of or relating to the middle class) · ga buirgéiseach (of or relating to the middle class) · id borjuis (of or relating to the middle class) · id orang borjuis (of or relating to the middle class)

bourgeois en · NOUN · etymology 1

Pronunciation

• /bʊɹʒˈwɑː/ (General-American)
• (UK) audio
• /ˈbʊʒ.wɑː/ (General-American)
• /ˈbʊɹʒ.wɑː/ (General-American)
• (Australia) audio
• (US) audio
• /bʊʒˈwɑː/ (General-American)
• /ˈbʊəʒ.wɑː/ (Received-Pronunciation)
• /ˈbɔːʒ.wɑː/ (Received-Pronunciation)

Etymology

Unadapted borrowing from French bourgeois (“a class of citizens who were wealthier members of the Third Estate”), from Old French burgeis (“town dweller”), from Frankish *burg, ultimately from Proto-Germanic *burgz (“stronghold; city”) (whence borough). Doublet of burgess; compare also burgish.

Meanings

1. (collective, plural-normally, uncountable, usually) The middle class.
2. (rare, uncountable, usually) An individual member of the middle class.
3. (derogatory, uncountable, usually) A person of any class with bourgeois (i.e., overly conventional and materialistic) values and attitudes.
4. (uncountable, usually) An individual member of the bourgeoisie, the third estate of the French Ancien Regime.
5. (Marxism, uncountable, usually) A capitalist, (usually derogatory) an exploiter of the proletariat.
   • Нет ничего характернее для буржуа, как перенесение черт современных порядков на все времена и народы. 1967 [1894], Владимир Ленин [Vladimir Lenin], “Выпуск I”, in Что такое «друзья народа» и как они воюют против социал-демократов? (В. И. Ленин – Полное собрание сочинений; 1), page 153; English translation from “Part I”, in What the “Friends of the People” Are and How They Fight the Social-Democrats (V. I. Lenin – Collected Works; 1), translation of original in Russian, 1977, page 154:
   • Der Bourgeois sieht in seiner Frau ein bloßes Produktionsinstrument. Er hört, daß die Produktionsinstrumente gemeinschaftlich ausgebeutet werden sollen, und kann sich natürlich nichts anderes denken, als daß das Los der Gemeinschaftlichkeit die Weiber gleichfalls treffen wird. 1977 [1848], Karl Marx, Friedrich Engels, Manifest der Kommunistischen Partei (Marx-Engels-Werke; 4), page 478; English translation from Samuel Moore, transl., Manifesto of the Communist Party (Marx/Engels Collected Works; 6), translation of original in German, 1976 [1888], page 502:

Forms

Relateds

bourgeoise · épater le bourgeois · petty bourgeois · embourgeoisement · bourgeoisie · petit-bourgeois · petit bourgeois · petty-bourgeois

Translations (93)

id borjuis (member of the Third Estate) · tl burgis (person with bourgeois values) · be буржу́й (individual member of the middle class) · ru меща́нка (individual member of the middle class) · tl burgis (exploitive capitalist) · hy բուրժուա (individual member of the middle class) · fi porvari (person with bourgeois values) · de Bourgeois (individual member of the middle class) · ga meánaicme (the middle class) · az burjua (individual member of the middle class) · tr kentsoylu (person with bourgeois values) · be мяшча́нства (the middle class) · mk буржујка (individual member of the middle class) · da burgøjser (exploitive capitalist) · sl buržuj (individual member of the middle class) · ru меща́нка (person with bourgeois values) · be мешчані́н (individual member of the middle class) · mk буржуј (individual member of the middle class) · el μπουρζουάς (exploitive capitalist) · fr bourgeois (individual member of the middle class) · ru буржуа́ (individual member of the middle class) · mk буржоазија (the middle class) · pl burżuazja (the middle class) · id borjuis (person with bourgeois values) · cs buržoa (exploitive capitalist) · ga buirgéiseach (individual member of the middle class) · hy բուրժուազիա (the middle class) · uk міщани́н (individual member of the middle class) · ar بُرْجُوَازِيَّة (the middle class) · eo burĝaro (the middle class) · sl meščanstvo (the middle class) · ru мещани́н (individual member of the middle class) · cs měšťák (individual member of the middle class) · fi porvari (member of the Third Estate) · id borjuis (individual member of the middle class) · sk buržoázia (the middle class) · cs buržoazie (the middle class) · fi lahtari (exploitive capitalist) · ru обыва́тельница (person with bourgeois values) · cmn 資產階級 /资产阶级 (member of the Third Estate) · sh buržoázija (the middle class) · sk buržuj (individual member of the middle class) · pl mieszczanka (individual member of the middle class) · tl burgis (individual member of the middle class) · uk буржуа́ (individual member of the middle class) · fa بورژوا (individual member of the middle class) · be буржуа́ (individual member of the middle class) · tr burjuva (person with bourgeois values) · sh бу̀ржӯј (individual member of the middle class) · be буржуазі́я (the middle class) · pt burguês (individual member of the middle class) · uz burjua (individual member of the middle class) · cmn 中產階級 /中产阶级 (the middle class) · ru мещани́н (person with bourgeois values) · pl mieszczanin (individual member of the middle class) · bg буржоа́ (individual member of the middle class) · fi keskiluokka (the middle class) · uk буржу́й (individual member of the middle class) · id borjuis (the middle class) · eu burges (the middle class) · sl buržoazija (the middle class) · sh буржоа́зија (the middle class) · ro burghez (individual member of the middle class) · ru буржуази́я (the middle class) · ru обыва́тель (person with bourgeois values) · fi poroporvari (person with bourgeois values) · ru буржу́й (individual member of the middle class) · be мяшча́нка (individual member of the middle class) · tl burgis (the middle class) · el αστός (exploitive capitalist) · pl burżuj (individual member of the middle class) · uk міща́нство (the middle class) · ru буржуа́ (member of the Third Estate) · pt burguesa (individual member of the middle class) · tl burgis (member of the Third Estate) · eo burĝo (individual member of the middle class) · it borghese (individual member of the middle class) · fi porvari (exploitive capitalist) · fi porvari (individual member of the middle class) · ru меща́нство (the middle class) · uk буржуазі́я (the middle class) · uk міща́нка (individual member of the middle class) · fr bourgeoise (individual member of the middle class) · ru буржу́й (exploitive capitalist) · cs měšťák (person with bourgeois values) · el αστή (exploitive capitalist) · tr burjuva (individual member of the middle class) · sk meštiak (individual member of the middle class) · id borjuis (exploitive capitalist) · cs buržuj (individual member of the middle class) · ru буржуа́ (exploitive capitalist) · bg буржоа́зия (the middle class) · sh bùržūj (individual member of the middle class)

bourgeois en · VERB · etymology 1

Pronunciation

• /bʊɹʒˈwɑː/ (General-American)
• (UK) audio
• /ˈbʊʒ.wɑː/ (General-American)
• /ˈbʊɹʒ.wɑː/ (General-American)
• (Australia) audio
• (US) audio
• /bʊʒˈwɑː/ (General-American)
• /ˈbʊəʒ.wɑː/ (Received-Pronunciation)
• /ˈbɔːʒ.wɑː/ (Received-Pronunciation)

Etymology

Unadapted borrowing from French bourgeois (“a class of citizens who were wealthier members of the Third Estate”), from Old French burgeis (“town dweller”), from Frankish *burg, ultimately from Proto-Germanic *burgz (“stronghold; city”) (whence borough). Doublet of burgess; compare also burgish.

Meanings

1. (transitive) To make bourgeois.

Forms

bourgeois en · NOUN · etymology 2

Pronunciation

• /bəɹˈd͡ʒɔɪs/ (General-American)
• /bəːˈdʒɔɪs/ (Received-Pronunciation)
• bər-ʹjois (General-American)

Etymology

From Middle English burjois, from French Bourgois, probably from Bourges (a city in France) + -ois (forming adjectives) but possibly from bourgeois above or after Jean de Bourgeois who worked as a printer in Rouen c. 1500.

Meanings

1. (dated, uncountable) A size of type between brevier and long primer, standardized as 9-point.

Forms

Deriveds

double bourgeois

Synonyms

galliard (Continental printing)

Translations (10)

de Borgis (9-point type) · fr gaillarde (9-point type) · fr petit-romain (9-point type) · nl bourgeois (9-point type) · it gagliarda (9-point type) · es breviario (9-point type) · cmn 小五 (9-point type) · de Bourgeois (9-point type) · nl burgeois (9-point type) · nl borgis (9-point type)