The process of manually building the ToC of a book is very time-consuming. 2018, Antoine Doucet, “Logical Structure Extraction from Digitized Books”, in Volker Margner, Umapada Pal, Apostolos Antonacopoulos, editors, Document Analysis and Text Recognition: Benchmarking State-of-the-Art Systems (Series in Machine Perception and Artificial Intelligence; volume 82), World Scientific, →ISBN, page 12:
Fig.11 shows the ToC structure of a book which can be departed into following seven layers: (1) book title (BT); (2) chapter (CH); (3) subchapter (SC); (4) paragraph (PH); (5) page (PG); (6) sentence (ST); and (7) words (WD). 2012, Xueming Qian, “Semantic Based Sport Video Browsing”, in Muhammad Tanvir Afzal, editor, Semantics in Action: Applications and Scenarios, InTech, →ISBN, page 155:
The complete ToC can complement the syllabus of “Software Testing,” if students were introduced to programming their freshman year with the help of Python. 2017, Ashwin Pajankar, Python Unit Test Automation: Practical Techniques for Python Developers and Testers, Apress, →ISBN, page xix:
The first method aims at parsing the ToC page so as to segment it into entries, each entry being formed by a label and a reference to a page number. 2010, Hervé Déjean, Jean-Luc Meunier, “XRCE Participation to the 2009 Book Structure Task”, in Shlomo Geva, Jaap Kamps, Andrew Trotman, editors, Focused Retrieval and Evaluation: 8th International Workshop of the Initiative for the Evaluation of XML Retrieval, INEX 2009, Brisbane, Australia, December 7-9, 2009, Revised and Selected Papers, Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg, →ISBN, page 161: