Words, grammatical forms and meanings linked to the ontology.
-es en · X · etymology 1
Pronunciation
/-əz/ weak vowel merger;after sibilant
/-iːz/ (US, sometimes)
/-z/ after vowel sound
/-ɪz/ after sibilant
Etymology
From Middle English -es, from Old English -as. More at -s.
Meanings
(morpheme) Used to form the regular plural of nouns that end in a sibilant (/s/, /z/, /ʃ/, /ʒ/, /t͡ʃ/, or /d͡ʒ/), such as: ▸ ch, when pronounced as /tʃ/: glitch→glitches (but psych→psychs)
(morpheme) Used to form the regular plural of nouns that end in a sibilant (/s/, /z/, /ʃ/, /ʒ/, /t͡ʃ/, or /d͡ʒ/), such as: ▸ j: hajj→hajjes (j is only final in loan words raj, hajj)
(morpheme) Used to form the regular plural of nouns that end in a sibilant (/s/, /z/, /ʃ/, /ʒ/, /t͡ʃ/, or /d͡ʒ/), such as: ▸ s: bus→buses, Jones → Joneses; yes → yeses.
(morpheme) Used to form the regular plural of nouns that end in a sibilant (/s/, /z/, /ʃ/, /ʒ/, /t͡ʃ/, or /d͡ʒ/), such as: ▸ x: box→boxes
(morpheme) Used to form the regular plural of nouns that end in a sibilant (/s/, /z/, /ʃ/, /ʒ/, /t͡ʃ/, or /d͡ʒ/), such as: ▸ z: buzz → buzzes, waltz → waltzes
(morpheme) Used to form the regular plural of nouns that end in a sibilant (/s/, /z/, /ʃ/, /ʒ/, /t͡ʃ/, or /d͡ʒ/), such as: ▸ sh: ash→ashes
(morpheme) Used to form the regular plural of nouns that end in a consonant (or qu) + y
lady→ladies, soliloquy→soliloquies (but key→keys)
(morpheme) Used to form the plural of some nouns that end in a consonant + o
tomato→tomatoes (but soprano→sopranos)
(dialectal, morpheme) Used to form the regular plural of nouns that end in /sp/, /st/, /sk/
From Middle English -es, -is, from Old English -es, -as, Northern variants of -est, -ast (second person singular indicative ending). Replaced Middle English -eth, from Old English -eþ, -aþ. The falling together of the second and third person singular verb forms in Old English is believed to be due to Scandinavian influence, where the employment of the same verbal endings for both 2nd and 3rd singular indicative follows a similar pattern to that seen in Old Norse (e.g. þú masar, hann masar; þú þekkir, hann þekkir; etc.).
Meanings
(morpheme) Used to form the third person singular present indicative of regular verbs: ▸ that end in (t)ch pronounced as /tʃ/: impeach→impeaches (but psych→psychs)
(morpheme) Used to form the third person singular present indicative of regular verbs: ▸ that end in (s)s: miss → misses, yes → yesses; bus → buses; buss → busses
(morpheme) Used to form the third person singular present indicative of regular verbs: ▸ that end in x: tax → taxes
(morpheme) Used to form the third person singular present indicative of regular verbs: ▸ that end in (z)z: fizz→fizzes
(morpheme) Used to form the third person singular present indicative of regular verbs: ▸ that end in consonant + o in some cases: go→goes (but radio→radios)
(morpheme) Used to form the third person singular present indicative of regular verbs: ▸ that end in sh: wish→wishes
(morpheme) Used to form the third person singular present indicative of regular verbs: ▸ that end in consonant (or qu) + y: cry→cries (but buy→buys)
-es en · X · etymology 3
Pronunciation
/-əz/ weak vowel merger;after sibilant
/-iːz/ (US, sometimes)
/-z/ after vowel sound
/-ɪz/ after sibilant
Etymology
See -s, -'s.
Meanings
(idiomatic, morpheme, obsolete) Possessive marker; see -s, -'s.
... whereupon king Henry his sonne, as it may appeare by the later clause of this chapter, recouered diuers eschet[s] of lande within this Realme holden by Normans, whiche after they began to adhere to the French king, the kinges enimy[…] 1573, An exposition of the kinges prerogative, collected out of the great Abridgement of Justice Fitzherbert and other olde writers of the lawes of England, page 38: